Table 2.
Regression Coefficients in the Final Multinomial Logistic Regression Model for Functional Deterioration, Institutionalization, and Death in the Derivation Cohort (N= 12758)
| Functional deterioration | Institutionalization | Death | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | β Coefficient | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
P Value |
Score* | β Coefficient |
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
P Value | Score* | β Coefficient |
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
P Value | Score* |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||||||||
| Age (ref: 65–74) | ||||||||||||
| 75–84 | 0.4775 | 1.61 (1.43–1.82) | <.0001 | 4 | 1.4357 | 4.20 (2.79–6.34) | <.0001 | 11 | 0.8877 | 2.43 (2.05–2.88) | <.0001 | 7 |
| ≥85 | 0.951 | 2.59 (2.20–3.05) | <.0001 | 7 | 2.4694 | 11.82 (7.64–18.26) | <.0001 | 18 | 1.9212 | 6.83 (5.61–8.31) | <.0001 | 14 |
| Gender (ref: female) | ||||||||||||
| Male | −0.3017 | 0.74 (0.66–0.83) | <.0001 | −2 | −0.3724 | 0.69 (0.51–0.94) | 0.017 | −3 | 0.6184 | 1.86 (1.61–2.15) | <.0001 | 5 |
| Race (ref: Non-Hispanic white) | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.0919 | 1.10 (0.84–1.44) | 0.506 | 0 | 1.2568 | 3.51 (1.38–8.96) | 0.009 | 9 | 0.6001 | 1.82 (1.29–2.57) | 0.001 | 4 |
| Hispanic | 0.1422 | 1.15 (0.93–1.44) | 0.203 | 0 | 1.7803 | 5.93 (2.51–14.04) | <.0001 | 13 | 0.5154 | 1.67 (1.25–2.25) | 0.001 | 4 |
| Other | 0.2597 | 1.30 (0.91–1.85) | 0.150 | 0 | −0.2512 | 0.78 (0.15–4.02) | 0.764 | 0 | 0.0555 | 1.06 (0.64–1.75) | 0.829 | 0 |
| Education (ref: ≥High school diploma) | ||||||||||||
| No high school diploma | 0.2155 | 1.24 (1.10–1.40) | 0.001 | 2 | 0.1954 | 1.22 (0.92–1.60) | 0.166 | 0 | 0.2265 | 1.25 (1.08–1.45) | 0.002 | 2 |
| Living arrangement (ref: With spouse) | ||||||||||||
| With children | 0.257 | 1.29 (1.08–1.56) | 0.006 | 2 | 0.0218 | 1.02 (0.61–1.70) | 0.933 | 0 | 0.4076 | 1.50 (1.20–1.88) | 0.0003 | 3 |
| With others | 0.0983 | 1.10 (0.85–1.43) | 0.456 | 0 | 0.8283 | 2.29 (1.30–4.03) | 0.004 | 6 | 0.2939 | 1.34 (0.99–1.82) | 0.057 | 0 |
| Alone | 0.135 | 1.15 (1.01–1.30) | 0.043 | 1 | 0.8683 | 2.38 (1.66–3.42) | <.0001 | 6 | 0.2395 | 1.27 (1.07–1.51) | 0.006 | 2 |
| Retirement community | 0.0547 | 1.06 (0.85–1.32) | 0.624 | 0 | 1.6584 | 5.25 (3.53–7.82) | <.0001 | 12 | 0.4165 | 1.52 (1.19–1.94) | 0.001 | 3 |
| Dual eligibility | ||||||||||||
| Medicare only | −0.2649 | 0.77 (0.65–0.91) | 0.003 | −2 | −0.8622 | 0.42 (0.30–0.59) | <.0001 | −6 | −0.3036 | 0.74 (0.60–0.90) | 0.003 | −2 |
| Proxy (ref: beneficiary responded) | ||||||||||||
| Proxy responded | 0.4966 | 1.64 (1.32–2.04) | <.0001 | 4 | 0.3812 | 1.46 (0.96–2.24) | 0.080 | 0 | 0.6005 | 1.82 (1.46–2.28) | <.0001 | 4 |
| Health conditions (reference: no) | ||||||||||||
| Alzheimer’s disease/dementia | 0.9307 | 2.54 (1.83–3.52) | <.0001 | 7 | 2.1364 | 8.47 (5.37–13.35) | <.0001 | 16 | 1.1835 | 3.27 (2.40–4.45) | <.0001 | 9 |
| Angina pectoris/coronary artery disease | 0.1731 | 1.19 (1.00–1.41) | 0.051 | 1 | −0.6685 | 0.51 (0.32–0.83) | 0.006 | −5 | −0.0664 | 0.94 (0.76–1.15) | 0.528 | 0 |
| Complete/partial paralysis | 0.2024 | 1.22 (0.88–1.70) | 0.224 | 0 | 0.6814 | 1.98 (1.15–3.41) | 0.014 | 5 | −0.1514 | 0.86 (0.60–1.22) | 0.400 | 0 |
| Diabetes/high blood sugar | 0.4168 | 1.52 (1.34–1.72) | <.0001 | 3 | 0.5372 | 1.71 (1.28–2.28) | 0.0003 | 4 | 0.3493 | 1.42 (1.22–1.65) | <.0001 | 3 |
| Emphysema/asthma/Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 0.3244 | 1.38 (1.19–1.61) | <.0001 | 2 | −0.0521 | 0.95 (0.65–1.40) | 0.791 | 0 | 0.6774 | 1.97 (1.67–2.33) | <.0001 | 5 |
| Mental/psychiatric disorder | 0.3326 | 1.40 (1.13–1.72) | 0.002 | 2 | 0.6009 | 1.82 (1.22–2.73) | 0.004 | 4 | 0.1079 | 1.11 (0.86–1.45) | 0.420 | 0 |
| Myocardial infarction/heart attack | −0.0189 | 0.98 (0.84–1.15) | 0.816 | 0 | 0.1724 | 1.19 (0.84–1.69) | 0.336 | 0 | 0.2897 | 1.34 (1.12–1.59) | 0.001 | 2 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 0.9049 | 2.47 (1.60–3.83) | <.0001 | 7 | 0.6273 | 1.87 (0.84–4.17) | 0.125 | 0 | 0.6875 | 1.99 (1.27–3.12) | 0.003 | 5 |
| Stroke/brain hemorrhage | 0.2852 | 1.33 (1.13–1.57) | 0.001 | 2 | 0.2409 | 1.27 (0.90–1.80) | 0.172 | 0 | 0.3039 | 1.36 (1.13–1.63) | 0.001 | 2 |
| Impairments | ||||||||||||
| Severe vision impairment/no usable vision | 0.4222 | 1.53 (1.26–1.84) | <.0001 | 3 | 0.0834 | 1.09 (0.74–1.59) | 0.667 | 0 | 0.3511 | 1.42 (1.16–1.74) | 0.001 | 3 |
| Severe hearing impairment/deaf | 0.2972 | 1.35 (1.11–1.63) | 0.002 | 2 | −0.0976 | 0.91 (0.60–1.37) | 0.645 | 0 | −0.0704 | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) | 0.524 | 0 |
| Function | ||||||||||||
| Activity of Daily Living Stage (ref: Stage I) | ||||||||||||
| Stage 0 | 0.0178 | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 0.802 | 0 | −0.4905 | 0.61 (0.44–0.86) | 0.004 | −4 | −0.6238 | 0.54 (0.45–0.64) | <.0001 | −5 |
| Stage II | −0.2811 | 0.76 (0.60–0.94) | 0.014 | −2 | 0.4065 | 1.50 (1.01–2.23) | 0.043 | 3 | 0.4816 | 1.62 (1.30–2.01) | <.0001 | 4 |
| Stage III | −1.6013 | 0.20 (0.14–0.29) | <.0001 | −12 | 0.4275 | 1.53 (0.99–2.37) | 0.054 | 3 | 0.4365 | 1.55 (1.22–1.96) | 0.0003 | 3 |
| Stage IV | −12.8875 | omitted—floor effect | 0 | 0.4635 | 1.59 (0.69–3.65) | 0.275 | 0 | 1.0191 | 2.77 (1.75–4.40) | <.0001 | 8 | |
*
Score was calculated by dividing each significant variable’s β coefficient by the lowest β coefficient and then rounding to the nearest integer.