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. 2017 Oct 26;7:13476. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14003-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time course of EMG amplitude and external assistance during standing. Panel (A) Electromyography (EMG) activity, hip and knee joint angle, and ground reaction forces recorded during sitting, sit-to-stand transition and overground full weight-bearing standing without epidural stimulation prior to any training (t1), after 15.5 months (t4) and after 44 months (t8) of activity-based training with scEs (see Fig. 1 for details). Panel (B) Time course of EMG amplitude recorded during standing, normalized by background (resting) EMG amplitude, and amount of external assistance needed for standing without epidural stimulation. EMG was recorded from the following muscles of the left (L) and right (R) lower limb: IL, iliopsoas; GL, gluteus maximus; MH, medial hamstring; VL, vastus lateralis; RF: rectus femoris; TA, tibialis anterior; SOL, soleus; MG: medial gastrocnemius.