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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 27.
Published in final edited form as: Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2017 Jun 1;22:1805–1829. doi: 10.2741/4573

Figure 3. Reactive microgliosis promotes brain tumor progression.

Figure 3

Microglial cells become hyper-activated through two mechanisms in brain tumor microenvironment. First, microglial cells become active, produce cytokines, growth factors and matrix-metalloproteases (MMPs) in response to initial tumor cell stimuli. Microglia-secreted factors then promote tumor growth and invasion. Second, tumor cells release growth, chemoattractant, and chemokine factors that recruit and induce another wave of microglial activation, resulting in a perpetuating cycle of microglia activation in the brain tumor. IL-6: Interleukin IL-6, IL-10: Interleukin 10, TGF-β: Transforming growth factor, PGE2: Prostaglandin E2, GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, miRNAs: microRNAs.