Table 3.
Association between Pulse pressure levels and vascular dementia stratified by blood pressure levels in age 60–65 cohort
| Pulse pressure (PP) (mmHg) | N | Death, % | VaD, % | Hazard ratioa (95% CI) | P value | Hazard ratiob (95% CI) | P value | Hazard ratioc (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 60–65 cohort – untreated with antihypertensive drug | |||||||||
| Prehypertension | |||||||||
| PP ≤ 50 | 32,434 | 13.56 | 0.52 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| 50 < PP ≤ 60 | 20,007 | 12.60 | 0.59 | 1.01 (0.77, 1.33) | 0.95 | 1.14 (0.88, 1.48) | 0.32 | 0.99 (0.75, 1.30) | 0.93 |
| 60 < PP ≤ 70 | 3503 | 13.79 | 0.51 | 0.92 (0.53, 1.60) | 0.77 | 1.07 (0.64, 1.80) | 0.79 | 0.88 (0.51, 1.53) | 0.65 |
| PP > 70 | 217 | 15.21 | 0.92 | 2.15 (0.53, 8.71) | 0.28 | 2.63 (0.64, 1.08) | 0.18 | 2.00 (0.49, 8.15) | 0.33 |
| Stage 1 hypertension | |||||||||
| PP ≤ 50 | 8330 | 16.47 | 0.79 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| 50 < PP ≤ 60 | 27,993 | 15.63 | 0.68 | 0.79 (0.58, 1.07) | 0.13 | 1.02 (0.74, 1.40) | 0.93 | 0.78 (0.57, 1.06) | 0.11 |
| 60 < PP ≤ 70 | 26,983 | 15.28 | 0.65 | 0.70 (0.51, 0.96) | 0.028 | 0.97 (0.70, 1.34) | 0.84 | 0.68 (0.49, 0.94) | 0.018 |
| PP > 70 | 7885 | 16.89 | 0.55 | 0.59 (0.38, 0.91) | 0.016 | 0.95 (0.62, 1.44) | 0.80 | 0.56 (0.36, 0.87) | 0.009 |
| Stage 2 hypertension | |||||||||
| PP ≤ 50 | 1162 | 19.88 | 0.86 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| 50 < PP ≤ 60 | 1393 | 19.45 | 0.72 | 1.10 (0.38, 3.15) | 0.86 | 0.62 (0.23, 1.67) | 0.35 | 1.09 (0.38, 3.14) | 0.87 |
| 60 < PP ≤ 70 | 6647 | 20.19 | 0.92 | 1.41 (0.61, 3.28) | 0.42 | 0.85 (0.42, 1.73) | 0.65 | 1.42 (0.61, 3.29) | 0.42 |
| PP > 70 | 19,995 | 21.24 | 0.81 | 1.02 (0.45, 2.31) | 0.96 | 0.80 (0.41, 1.57) | 0.52 | 1.03 (0.46, 2.34) | 0.94 |
| Age 60–65 cohort – treated with antihypertensive drug | |||||||||
| Prehypertension | |||||||||
| PP ≤ 50 | 9363 | 20.06 | 0.68 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| 50 < PP ≤ 60 | 11,113 | 17.39 | 0.62 | 0.84 (0.57, 1.23) | 0.37 | 0.97 (0.68, 1.39) | 0.87 | 0.83 (0.56, 1.22) | 0.33 |
| 60 < PP ≤ 70 | 2131 | 19.05 | 0.80 | 1.19 (0.66, 2.15) | 0.57 | 1.41 (0.81, 2.47) | 0.23 | 1.13 (0.61, 2.10) | 0.70 |
| PP > 70 | 100 | 17.00 | 0.00 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Stage 1 hypertension | |||||||||
| PP ≤ 50 | 2648 | 20.70 | 0.72 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| 50 < PP ≤ 60 | 14,601 | 17.81 | 0.78 | 1.39 (0.74, 2.62) | 0.30 | 1.11 (0.65, 1.88) | 0.71 | 1.38 (0.73, 2.59) | 0.32 |
| 60 < PP ≤ 70 | 21,800 | 16.64 | 0.75 | 1.32 (0.71, 2.47) | 0.38 | 1.08 (0.64, 1.81) | 0.78 | 1.29 (0.69, 2.40) | 0.43 |
| PP > 70 | 8178 | 18.22 | 0.69 | 1.31 (0.67, 2.55) | 0.43 | 1.01 (0.57, 1.79) | 0.97 | 1.24 (0.63, 2.42) | 0.53 |
| Stage 2 hypertension | |||||||||
| PP ≤ 50 | 405 | 26.67 | 0.49 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| 50 < PP ≤ 60 | 835 | 21.92 | 1.08 | 1.68 (0.35, 8.14) | 0.52 | 1.78 (0.37, 8.50) | 0.47 | 1.61 (0.33, 7.81) | 0.56 |
| 60 < PP ≤ 70 | 4638 | 21.84 | 1.01 | 1.46 (0.35, 6.17) | 0.60 | 1.49 (0.35, 6.26) | 0.59 | 1.41 (0.33, 5.93) | 0.64 |
| PP > 70 | 19,787 | 22.85 | 0.83 | 1.09 (0.26, 4.51) | 0.90 | 1.29 (0.31, 5.33) | 0.73 | 1.02 (0.25, 4.24) | 0.98 |
VaD: Vascular dementia; CI: Confidence interval
aAdjusted for sex (female = 1) and age
bAdjusted for sex (female = 1), age, body mass index, smoking status, history of diabetes, stroke, transient ischemic attack, head injury and Parkinson’ disease while excluding any individuals with missing values
cAdjusted for sex (female = 1), age, body mass index, smoking status, history of diabetes, stroke, transient ischemic attack, head injury and Parkinson’ disease with missing values imputed by multiple imputation method