Fig. 4.

Individuals with deleted LCR-A to B show modestly lower levels of adaptive functioning on the Vineland-II Adaptive Behavior Scales. This figure depicts group means, standard errors, and the effect size of differences on the Vineland-II, a measure of adaptive behavior. Each point depicts one individual). Higher scores on the Vineland-II indicate higher levels of functioning across the three domains and composite score, and standard scores are age-normed such that 100 (represented by the dashed line) indicates average. The AB/AC deletion group shows more impairment than the BD/CD nested deletions that do not involve LCR-A to B, with medium to large effect sizes; the AB/AC group also shows similar levels of impairment to the classic deletion group (deletion spanning LCR-A to D), with very small effect sizes. Abbreviations: AB/AC deletion spanning LCR-A to LCR-B or LCR-A to LCR-C, ASD individuals with non-syndromic autism spectrum disorder, BD/CD deletion spanning LCR-B to LCR-D or LCR-C to LCR-D, d Cohen’s d effect size, del deletion, LCR low copy repeat region, TDC typically developing controls