Table 3.
Mental health (anxiety, cognition, depression, sleep/energy) variables as mediators in the association between chronic conditions (multimorbidity) and highly sedentary behavior among adults aged ≥50 years
| Total effect | Direct effect | Indirect effect | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure | Mediator | OR [95% CI] | P-value | OR [95% CI] | P-value | OR [95% CI] | P-value | % Mediated |
| Arthritis | Anxiety | 1.22 [1.04,1.45] | 0.017 | 1.21 [1.03,1.43] | 0.023 | 1.01 [1.00,1.02] | 0.064 | NA |
| Cognition | 1.23 [1.04,1.46] | 0.014 | 1.15 [0.97,1.37] | 0.108 | 1.07 [1.04,1.10] | <0.001 | 32.8 | |
| Depression | 1.22 [1.04,1.45] | 0.018 | 1.21 [1.02,1.43] | 0.030 | 1.02 [1.01,1.03] | 0.003 | 7.7 | |
| Sleep/energy | 1.23 [1.04,1.45] | 0.017 | 1.11 [0.94,1.31] | 0.225 | 1.11 [1.07,1.14] | <0.001 | 49.1 | |
| Asthma | Anxiety | 1.38 [1.06,1.81] | 0.017 | 1.30 [0.99,1.70] | 0.059 | 1.06 [1.03,1.10] | <0.001 | 19.3 |
| Cognition | 1.40 [1.07,1.83] | 0.014 | 1.27 [0.97,1.66] | 0.082 | 1.10 [1.06,1.14] | <0.001 | 28.7 | |
| Depression | 1.39 [1.06,1.81] | 0.016 | 1.33 [1.02,1.74] | 0.036 | 1.04 [1.02,1.07] | 0.003 | 13.2 | |
| Sleep/energy | 1.38 [1.07,1.79] | 0.014 | 1.21 [0.93,1.56] | 0.155 | 1.15 [1.10,1.20] | <0.001 | 42.3 | |
| Chronic back pain | Anxiety | 1.71 [1.36,2.14] | <0.001 | 1.61 [1.28,2.03] | <0.001 | 1.06 [1.03,1.09] | <0.001 | 10.6 |
| Cognition | 1.74 [1.38,2.18] | <0.001 | 1.48 [1.18,1.86] | 0.001 | 1.17 [1.12,1.23] | <0.001 | 28.7 | |
| Depression | 1.71 [1.37,2.14] | <0.001 | 1.65 [1.32,2.07] | <0.001 | 1.03 [1.01,1.06] | 0.003 | 6.2 | |
| Sleep/energy | 1.70 [1.36,2.13] | <0.001 | 1.50 [1.19,1.89] | 0.001 | 1.13 [1.08,1.18] | <0.001 | 23.6 | |
| Chronic lung disease | Anxiety | 1.48 [1.18,1.85] | 0.001 | 1.39 [1.11,1.74] | 0.005 | 1.07 [1.04,1.10] | <0.001 | 16.4 |
| Cognition | 1.48 [1.19,1.84] | <0.001 | 1.33 [1.07,1.66] | 0.011 | 1.11 [1.08,1.15] | <0.001 | 27.6 | |
| Depression | 1.48 [1.19,1.85] | 0.001 | 1.43 [1.15,1.79] | 0.001 | 1.03 [1.01,1.05] | 0.002 | 8.2 | |
| Sleep/energy | 1.49 [1.19,1.85] | <0.001 | 1.32 [1.06,1.65] | 0.013 | 1.13 [1.08,1.17] | <0.001 | 29.9 | |
| Hearing problems | Anxiety | 1.58 [1.24,2.03] | <0.001 | 1.54 [1.21,1.97] | 0.001 | 1.03 [1.00,1.05] | 0.036 | 6.0 |
| Cognition | 1.60 [1.24,2.05] | <0.001 | 1.36 [1.06,1.75] | 0.015 | 1.17 [1.12,1.22] | <0.001 | 33.4 | |
| Depression | 1.57 [1.22,2.02] | 0.001 | 1.57 [1.21,2.02] | 0.001 | 1.00 [0.99,1.02] | 0.842 | NA | |
| Sleep/energy | 1.59 [1.24,2.05] | <0.001 | 1.50 [1.17,1.94] | 0.002 | 1.06 [1.03,1.09] | <0.001 | 12.2 | |
| Stroke | Anxiety | 2.02 [1.52,2.69] | <0.001 | 1.97 [1.48,2.61] | <0.001 | 1.03 [1.00,1.06] | 0.054 | NA |
| Cognition | 2.03 [1.56,2.66] | <0.001 | 1.75 [1.33,2.29] | <0.001 | 1.16 [1.11,1.23] | <0.001 | 21.5 | |
| Depression | 2.03 [1.54,2.66] | <0.001 | 2.00 [1.52,2.63] | <0.001 | 1.01 [1.00,1.03] | 0.112 | NA | |
| Sleep/energy | 2.03 [1.56,2.64] | <0.001 | 1.90 [1.46,2.48] | <0.001 | 1.07 [1.03,1.11] | <0.001 | 9.3 | |
| Visual impairment | Anxiety | 2.64 [1.75,3.99] | <0.001 | 2.10 [1.38,3.21] | 0.001 | 1.26 [1.13,1.39] | <0.001 | 23.5 |
| Cognition | 2.66 [1.73,4.10] | <0.001 | 1.97 [1.27,3.06] | 0.002 | 1.35 [1.23,1.48] | <0.001 | 30.7 | |
| Depression | 2.60 [1.73,3.91] | <0.001 | 2.43 [1.62,3.65] | <0.001 | 1.07 [1.02,1.12] | 0.009 | 6.9 | |
| Sleep/energy | 2.64 [1.75,3.99] | <0.001 | 2.29 [1.51,3.47] | <0.001 | 1.15 [1.08,1.23] | <0.001 | 14.6 | |
| Multimorbiditya | Anxiety | 1.41 [1.20,1.67] | <0.001 | 1.36 [1.15,1.60] | <0.001 | 1.04 [1.02,1.06] | <0.001 | 11.5 |
| Cognition | 1.40 [1.19,1.65] | <0.001 | 1.24 [1.05,1.47] | 0.012 | 1.12 [1.09,1.16] | <0.001 | 35.0 | |
| Depression | 1.41 [1.19,1.66] | <0.001 | 1.37 [1.16,1.62] | <0.001 | 1.03 [1.01,1.04] | 0.001 | 7.5 | |
| Sleep/energy | 1.40 [1.19,1.66] | <0.001 | 1.23 [1.05,1.45] | 0.012 | 1.14 [1.09,1.19] | <0.001 | 38.1 | |
Abbreviation: OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval
Highly sedentary behavior referred to being sedentary for ≥8 h/day
Models are adjusted for sex, age, education, wealth, setting, unemployment, living arrangement, and country. For individual chronic conditions, the models were also adjusted for the presence of other chronic conditions
The mediated percentage was only calculated in the presence of a significant indirect effect (P < 0.05)
aMultimorbidity was defined as ≥2 chronic conditions