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. 2017 Oct 27;16:114. doi: 10.1186/s12940-017-0331-4

Table 5.

Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for renal outcomes and daily temperature for lag periods (0–5 days)

Temperature Admission data Disease Lag period IRR 95% CI P-value
Maximum ED Total renal 0 days 1.004 1.002 – 1.005 <0.001
disease 1 day 1.006 1.004 – 1.008 <0.001
2 days 1.006 1.004 – 1.008 <0.001
3 days 1.005 1.003 – 1.007 <0.001
4 days 1.004 1.002 – 1.005 <0.001
5 days 1.003 1.001 – 1.005 0.001
Urolithiasis 0 days 1.006 1.003 – 1.010 <0.001
1 day 1.011 1.007 – 1.014 <0.001
2 days 1.011 1.008 – 1.015 <0.001
3 days 1.010 1.006 – 1.013 <0.001
4 days 1.006 1.003 – 1.010 <0.001
5 days 1.004 1.001 – 1.008 0.012
Renal failure 0 days 1.018 1.012 – 1.024 <0.001
1 day 1.024 1.018 – 1.030 <0.001
2 days 1.018 1.011 – 1.024 <0.001
3 days 1.011 1.005 – 1.017 0.001
4 days 1.008 1.002 – 1.014 0.012
5 days 1.007 1.001 – 1.013 0.024
AKI 0 days 1.023 1.016 – 1.031 <0.001
1 day 1.031 1.023 – 1.039 <0.001
2 days 1.023 1.015 – 1.030 <0.001
3 days 1.014 1.006 – 1.022 <0.001
4 days 1.012 1.004 – 1.020 0.002
5 days 1.008 1.000 – 1.016 0.047
CKD 0 days 1.005 0.994 – 1.016 0.365
1 day 1.012 1.001 – 1.024 0.03
2 days 1.010 0.999 – 1.021 0.085
3 days 1.006 0.995 – 1.018 0.263
4 days 1.001 0.990 – 1.013 0.802
5 days 1.004 0.993 – 1.016 0.447
UTI 0 days 1.001 0.999 – 1.003 0.411
1 day 1.002 1.000 – 1.004 0.042
2 days 1.002 1.000 – 1.004 0.043
3 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.005 0.02
4 days 1.002 1.000 – 1.004 0.114
5 days 1.002 1.000 – 1.004 0.08
Lower UTI 0 days 1.001 0.999 – 1.003 0.507
1 day 1.002 1.000 – 1.004 0.078
2 days 1.002 1.000 – 1.004 0.094
3 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.005 0.018
4 days 1.002 1.000 – 1.004 0.081
5 days 1.002 1.000 – 1.004 0.086
Pyelonephritis 0 days 1.002 0.995 – 1.009 0.547
1 day 1.004 0.997 – 1.010 0.272
2 days 1.005 0.998 – 1.011 0.184
3 days 1.001 0.994 – 1.008 0.761
4 days 0.999 0.993 – 1.006 0.868
5 days 1.001 0.995 – 1.008 0.682
Inpatient Total renal 0 days 1.006 1.004 – 1.009 <0.001
disease 1 day 1.007 1.005 – 1.010 <0.001
2 days 1.007 1.004 – 1.009 <0.001
3 days 1.006 1.004 – 1.009 <0.001
4 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.005 0.035
5 days 0.999 0.997 – 1.002 0.562
Urolithiasis 0 days 1.007 1.002 – 1.012 0.009
1 day 1.010 1.005 – 1.015 <0.001
2 days 1.011 1.006 – 1.016 <0.001
3 days 1.010 1.005 – 1.015 <0.001
4 days 1.006 1.000 – 1.011 0.04
5 days 0.999 0.993 – 1.004 0.631
Renal failure 0 days 1.016 1.010 – 1.022 <0.001
1 day 1.016 1.010 – 1.022 <0.001
2 days 1.015 1.009 – 1.021 <0.001
3 days 1.014 1.008 – 1.020 <0.001
4 days 1.007 1.001 – 1.013 0.015
5 days 1.000 0.994 – 1.006 0.993
AKI 0 days 1.020 1.013 – 1.026 <0.001
1 day 1.021 1.014 – 1.027 <0.001
2 days 1.018 1.011 – 1.025 <0.001
3 days 1.014 1.007 – 1.020 <0.001
4 days 1.007 1.001 – 1.014 0.034
5 days 1.000 0.994 – 1.007 0.955
CKD 0 days 1.006 0.997 – 1.014 0.171
1 day 1.005 0.997 – 1.014 0.208
2 days 1.009 1.000 – 1.018 0.042
3 days 1.010 1.001 – 1.018 0.023
4 days 1.003 0.995 – 1.012 0.449
5 days 0.996 0.987 – 1.004 0.317
UTI 0 days 1.004 1.001 – 1.008 0.005
1 day 1.005 1.001 – 1.008 0.004
2 days 1.004 1.000 – 1.007 0.027
3 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.006 0.044
4 days 1.000 0.997 – 1.003 0.908
5 days 0.999 0.996 – 1.002 0.548
Lower UTI 0 days 1.005 1.002 – 1.009 0.002
1 day 1.005 1.002 – 1.009 0.002
2 days 1.004 1.000 – 1.007 0.028
3 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.007 0.055
4 days 1.000 0.997 – 1.004 0.866
5 days 0.999 0.996 – 1.003 0.608
Pyelonephritis 0 days 1.002 0.996 – 1.009 0.472
1 day 1.003 0.996 – 1.009 0.47
2 days 1.004 0.997 – 1.010 0.314
3 days 1.004 0.997 – 1.010 0.307
4 days 0.999 0.993 – 1.006 0.864
5 days 0.997 0.990 – 1.004 0.386
Minimum ED Total renal 0 days 1.009 1.006 – 1.011 <0.001
disease 1 day 1.008 1.005 – 1.010 <0.001
2 days 1.007 1.005 – 1.010 <0.001
3 days 1.005 1.003 – 1.008 <0.001
4 days 1.004 1.002 – 1.007 0.001
5 days 1.002 1.000 – 1.005 0.082
Urolithiasis 0 days 1.015 1.010 – 1.020 <0.001
1 day 1.015 1.010 – 1.020 <0.001
2 days 1.014 1.009 – 1.019 <0.001
3 days 1.009 1.004 – 1.014 <0.001
4 days 1.006 1.001 – 1.011 0.022
5 days 1.003 0.998 – 1.008 0.196
Renal failure 0 days 1.030 1.022 – 1.039 <0.001
1 day 1.027 1.019 – 1.036 <0.001
2 days 1.018 1.009 – 1.026 <0.001
3 days 1.013 1.005 – 1.022 0.002
4 days 1.012 1.003 – 1.021 0.006
5 days 1.009 1.001 – 1.018 0.036
AKI 0 days 1.037 1.026 – 1.048 <0.001
1 day 1.035 1.025 – 1.046 <0.001
2 days 1.021 1.010 – 1.032 <0.001
3 days 1.017 1.006 – 1.027 0.003
4 days 1.016 1.005 – 1.027 0.005
5 days 1.012 1.001 – 1.023 0.029
CKD 0 days 1.017 1.001 – 1.033 0.036
1 day 1.018 1.002 – 1.034 0.024
2 days 1.017 1.002 – 1.033 0.031
3 days 1.008 0.992 – 1.024 0.338
4 days 1.002 0.986 – 1.018 0.83
5 days 1.000 0.984 – 1.016 0.98
UTI 0 days 1.004 1.000 – 1.007 0.023
1 day 1.002 0.999 – 1.005 0.116
2 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.006 0.06
3 days 1.002 0.999 – 1.005 0.138
4 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.006 0.082
5 days 1.001 0.998 – 1.004 0.562
Lower UTI 0 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.006 0.045
1 day 1.002 0.999 – 1.005 0.216
2 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.006 0.087
3 days 1.002 0.999 – 1.006 0.142
4 days 1.002 0.999 – 1.006 0.153
5 days 1.001 0.997 – 1.004 0.706
Pyelonephritis 0 days 1.006 0.996 – 1.015 0.245
1 day 1.006 0.996 – 1.015 0.232
2 days 1.004 0.995 – 1.013 0.41
3 days 1.002 0.992 – 1.011 0.752
4 days 1.006 0.996 – 1.015 0.244
5 days 1.003 0.994 – 1.013 0.495
Inpatient Total renal 0 days 1.012 1.008 – 1.015 <0.001
disease 1 day 1.010 1.007 – 1.014 <0.001
2 days 1.008 1.004 – 1.011 <0.001
3 days 1.004 1.001 – 1.008 0.018
4 days 1.000 0.997 – 1.004 0.987
5 days 1.000 0.996 – 1.003 0.942
Urolithiasis 0 days 1.014 1.007 – 1.022 <0.001
1 day 1.012 1.004 – 1.019 0.002
2 days 1.007 1.000 – 1.015 0.062
3 days 1.006 0.998 – 1.013 0.147
4 days 0.997 0.990 – 1.005 0.514
5 days 0.997 0.989 – 1.004 0.39
Renal failure 0 days 1.024 1.015 – 1.032 <0.001
1 day 1.020 1.012 – 1.029 <0.001
2 days 1.016 1.008 – 1.025 <0.001
3 days 1.010 1.002 – 1.019 0.016
4 days 1.003 0.995 – 1.012 0.431
5 days 1.002 0.993 – 1.010 0.695
AKI 0 days 1.028 1.019 – 1.038 <0.001
1 day 1.025 1.015 – 1.034 <0.001
2 days 1.018 1.008 – 1.027 <0.001
3 days 1.008 0.999 – 1.018 0.082
4 days 1.003 0.994 – 1.013 0.513
5 days 1.003 0.994 – 1.013 0.521
CKD 0 days 1.011 0.999 – 1.023 0.068
1 day 1.012 1.000 – 1.024 0.059
2 days 1.010 0.998 – 1.022 0.089
3 days 1.006 0.994 – 1.018 0.361
4 days 0.999 0.987 – 1.011 0.884
5 days 0.999 0.987 – 1.011 0.859
UTI 0 days 1.008 1.003 – 1.012 <0.001
1 day 1.006 1.002 – 1.011 0.007
2 days 1.004 1.000 – 1.009 0.054
3 days 1.001 0.997 – 1.006 0.633
4 days 0.999 0.995 – 1.004 0.698
5 days 1.000 0.995 – 1.004 0.903
Lower UTI 0 days 1.009 1.004 – 1.014 <0.001
1 day 1.006 1.001 – 1.011 0.017
2 days 1.004 0.999 – 1.009 0.126
3 days 1.001 0.996 – 1.006 0.677
4 days 0.999 0.994 – 1.004 0.624
5 days 1.000 0.995 – 1.005 0.986
Pyelonephritis 0 days 1.005 0.995 – 1.014 0.346
1 day 1.008 0.998 – 1.018 0.11
2 days 1.008 0.998 – 1.017 0.114
3 days 1.000 0.990 – 1.010 0.986
4 days 0.998 0.988 – 1.007 0.62
5 days 0.999 0.989 – 1.009 0.833
Average ED Total renal 0 days 1.007 1.004 – 1.009 <0.001
disease 1 day 1.009 1.006 – 1.011 <0.001
2 days 1.008 1.006 – 1.010 <0.001
3 days 1.007 1.004 – 1.009 <0.001
4 days 1.005 1.003 – 1.007 <0.001
5 days 1.004 1.001 – 1.006 0.002
Urolithiasis 0 days 1.012 1.007 – 1.016 <0.001
1 day 1.015 1.011 – 1.020 <0.001
2 days 1.016 1.011 – 1.020 <0.001
3 days 1.012 1.007 – 1.016 <0.001
4 days 1.008 1.003 – 1.012 0.001
5 days 1.005 1.001 – 1.010 0.024
Renal failure 0 days 1.028 1.020 – 1.036 <0.001
1 day 1.032 1.024 – 1.040 <0.001
2 days 1.022 1.014 – 1.030 <0.001
3 days 1.014 1.007 – 1.022 <0.001
4 days 1.012 1.004 – 1.020 0.004
5 days 1.010 1.002 – 1.018 0.015
AKI 0 days 1.035 1.025 – 1.045 <0.001
1 day 1.041 1.031 – 1.051 <0.001
2 days 1.028 1.018 – 1.038 <0.001
3 days 1.019 1.009 – 1.029 <0.001
4 days 1.017 1.007 – 1.027 0.001
5 days 1.012 1.002 – 1.022 0.021
CKD 0 days 1.011 0.997 – 1.026 0.125
1 day 1.018 1.004 – 1.033 0.014
2 days 1.016 1.001 – 1.030 0.034
3 days 1.009 0.994 – 1.023 0.248
4 days 1.002 0.987 – 1.017 0.784
5 days 1.004 0.989 – 1.018 0.621
UTI 0 days 1.002 0.999 – 1.005 0.121
1 day 1.003 1.000 – 1.006 0.041
2 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.006 0.03
3 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.006 0.028
4 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.005 0.063
5 days 1.002 0.999 – 1.005 0.165
Lower UTI 0 days 1.002 0.999 – 1.005 0.184
1 day 1.003 1.000 – 1.006 0.085
2 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.006 0.063
3 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.006 0.026
4 days 1.003 1.000 – 1.006 0.068
5 days 1.002 0.999 – 1.005 0.203
Pyelonephritis 0 days 1.004 0.995 – 1.013 0.364
1 day 1.006 0.997 – 1.014 0.207
2 days 1.005 0.997 – 1.014 0.215
3 days 1.002 0.993 – 1.010 0.732
4 days 1.002 0.993 – 1.011 0.67
5 days 1.003 0.994 – 1.011 0.564
Inpatient Total renal 0 days 1.010 1.007 – 1.013 <0.001
disease 1 day 1.011 1.007 – 1.014 <0.001
2 days 1.009 1.006 – 1.012 <0.001
3 days 1.007 1.004 – 1.010 <0.001
4 days 1.002 0.999 – 1.005 0.171
5 days 0.999 0.996 – 1.003 0.689
Urolithiasis 0 days 1.012 1.005 – 1.019 0.001
1 day 1.013 1.007 – 1.020 <0.001
2 days 1.012 1.005 – 1.019 <0.001
3 days 1.011 1.004 – 1.018 0.002
4 days 1.004 0.997 – 1.011 0.297
5 days 0.998 0.991 – 1.004 0.483
Renal failure 0 days 1.023 1.016 – 1.031 <0.001
1 day 1.022 1.014 – 1.029 <0.001
2 days 1.019 1.012 – 1.027 <0.001
3 days 1.016 1.008 – 1.024 <0.001
4 days 1.008 1.000 – 1.015 0.053
5 days 1.001 0.993 – 1.008 0.864
AKI 0 days 1.029 1.020 – 1.037 <0.001
1 day 1.028 1.019 – 1.036 <0.001
2 days 1.022 1.014 – 1.031 <0.001
3 days 1.015 1.006 – 1.024 0.001
4 days 1.007 0.999 – 1.016 0.096
5 days 1.001 0.993 – 1.010 0.751
CKD 0 days 1.010 0.999 – 1.021 0.087
1 day 1.010 0.998 – 1.021 0.092
2 days 1.012 1.001 – 1.023 0.037
3 days 1.011 1.000 – 1.022 0.058
4 days 1.002 0.991 – 1.014 0.679
5 days 0.996 0.985 – 1.007 0.466
UTI 0 days 1.007 1.003 – 1.011 0.001
1 day 1.006 1.002 – 1.010 0.002
2 days 1.005 1.001 – 1.009 0.02
3 days 1.003 0.999 – 1.007 0.129
4 days 1.000 0.996 – 1.004 0.906
5 days 0.999 0.995 – 1.003 0.663
Lower UTI 0 days 1.008 1.004 – 1.013 <0.001
1 day 1.007 1.003 – 1.012 0.002
2 days 1.005 1.000 – 1.009 0.033
3 days 1.003 0.999 – 1.008 0.154
4 days 1.000 0.995 – 1.004 0.901
5 days 0.999 0.995 – 1.004 0.735
Pyelonephritis 0 days 1.004 0.995 – 1.013 0.378
1 day 1.005 0.997 – 1.014 0.229
2 days 1.006 0.997 – 1.015 0.168
3 days 1.003 0.994 – 1.012 0.501
4 days 0.998 0.990 – 1.007 0.724
5 days 0.997 0.988 – 1.006 0.526

Estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and associated 95% confidence intervals and P-values for daily admissions for renal diseases in relation to an increase in daily maximum temperature per 1°C over lag 0–5 days during the warm seasons (October – March) in Adelaide from 1 July 2003 to 31 March 2014. Both emergency department (ED) and inpatient admissions were included. The associated lag periods with the highest IRR value (rounded to 3 decimal figures) and are statistically significant are underlined