Table 4.
Association between hypertension and selected socio-demographic-, behavioural- and metabolic risk factors among 25-74-year-old citizens in Yangon Region, Myanmar, in 2004
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pOR (95% CI) | p-value | pOR (95% CI) | p-value | pOR (95% CI) | p-value | pOR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| Socio-demographic: | |||||||||
| Age | 1.06 (1.06-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.07 (1.06-1.08) | <0.001* | 1.06 (1.05-1.08) | <0.001* | 1.07 (1.05-1.08) | <0.001* | |
| Location | Urban | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
| Rural | 0.85 (0.64-1.14) | 0.262 | 0.89 (0.66-1.19) | 0.394 | 1.05 (0.79-1.39) | 0.726 | 1.08 (0.82-1.42) | 0.546 | |
| Gender | Male | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
| Female | 1.15 (1.01-1.31) | 0.032* | 1.20 (1.00-1.43) | 0.047* | 0.98 (0.84-1.14) | 0.728 | 1.08 (0.89-1.32) | 0.386 | |
| Education | No formal | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
| 1-5 years | 1.34 (0.92-1.95) | 0.116 | 1.38 (0.95-1.99) | 0.085 | 1.10 (0.74-1.64) | 0.622 | 1.13 (0.75-1.71) | 0.525 | |
| 6-11 years | 1.48 (0.98-2.24) | 0.062 | 1.46 (0.98-2.16) | 0.059 | 1.11 (0.70-1.77) | 0.622 | 1.17 (0.74-1.86) | 0.463 | |
| > 11 years | 1.42 (0.91-2.22) | 0.113 | 1.36 (0.87-2.13) | 0.163 | 1.00 (0.63-1.57) | 0.987 | 1.03 (0.64-1.64) | 0.903 | |
| Ethnicity | Bamar | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
| Non-Bamar | 1.01 (0.80-1.29) | 0.901 | 0.97 (0.75-1.25) | 0.783 | 0.91 (0.69-1.20) | 0.495 | 0.91 (0.71-1.18) | 0.450 | |
| Behavioural: | |||||||||
| Tobacco smoking | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
| Yes | 0.83 (0.69-1.01) | 0.069 | 0.78 (0.65-0.94) | 0.013* | 0.97 (0.82-1.16) | 0.738 | |||
| Alcohol consumption | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
| Yes | 1.46 (1.12- 1.9) | 0.009* | 1.53 (1.18-1.99) | 0.004* | 1.64 (1.24-2.17) | 0.002* | |||
| Low physical activity | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
| Yes | 1.82 (1.23-2.69) | 0.005* | 1.83 (1.23-2.69) | 0.005* | 1.91 (1.28-2.85) | 0.004* | |||
| Metabolic: | |||||||||
| BMI | Normal | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
| Underweight | 0.42 (0.30-0.59) | <0.001* | 0.44 (0.31-0.62) | <0.001* | 0.43 (0.30-0.61) | <0.001* | |||
| Overweight | 2.02 (1.58-2.58) | <0.001* | 1.88 (1.49-2.37) | <0.001* | 1.89 (1.49-2.40) | <0.001* | |||
| Diabetes | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
| Yes | 1.94 (1.36-2.77) | <0.001* | 1.61 (1.13-2.31) | 0.013* | 1.60 (1.10-2.32) | 0.018* | |||
| Hypercholesterolemia | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
| Yes | 1.48 (1.20-1.82) | <0.001* | 1.22 (0.99-1.48) | 0.052 | 1.22 (1.00-1.49) | 0.050* | |||
Model 1 adjusted for age, location, gender, education and ethnicity; Model 2 adjustment –behavioural risk factors: smoking, alcohol consumption, low physical activity were added to Model 1; Model 3 adjustment- the metabolic risk factors: BMI, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia were added to Model 1; Model 4 included all variables in the table
*p-value ≤0.05 from multivariate logistic regression