Table 5.
Association between hypertension and selected socio-demographic-, behavioural- and metabolic risk factors among 25-74-year-old citizens in Yangon region, Myanmar, in 2014
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pOR (95% CI) | p-value | pOR (95% CI) | p-value | pOR (95% CI) | p-value | pOR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| Socio-demographic: | |||||||||
| Age | 1.05 (1.04-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.06 (1.04-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.05 (1.03-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.06 (1.04-1.07) | <0.001* | |
| Location | Urban | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
| Rural | 0.97 (0.65-1.43) | 0.862 | 0.93 (0.62-1.40) | 0.710 | 1.18 (0.72-1.90) | 0.470 | 1.14 (0.68-1.92) | 0.587 | |
| Gender | Male | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
| Female | 1.09 (0.82-1.47) | 0.505 | 1.27 (0.71-2.27) | 0.382 | 0.80 (0.58-1.11) | 0.163 | 1.03 (0.58-1.83) | 0.900 | |
| Education | No formal | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
| 1-5 years | 0.63 (0.30-1.30) | 0.184 | 0.62 (0.31-1.24) | 0.154 | 0.70 (0.31-1.60) | 0.364 | 0.70 (0.32-1.56) | 0.344 | |
| 6-11 years | 0.74 (0.36-1.55) | 0.389 | 0.69 (0.34-1.41) | 0.278 | 0.84 (0.39-1.78) | 0.619 | 0.83 (0.40-1.75) | 0.590 | |
| > 11 years | 0.71 (0.32-1.60) | 0.370 | 0.65 (0.31-1.37) | 0.226 | 0.69 (0.29-1.64) | 0.361 | 0.67 (0.28-1.59) | 0.328 | |
| Ethnicity | Bamar | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||
| Non-Bamar | 0.76 (0.58-0.99) | 0.046* | 0.74 (0.56-0.99) | 0.045* | 0.79 (0.60-1.04) | 0.091 | 0.79 (0.61-1.02) | 0.070 | |
| Behavioural: | |||||||||
| Tobacco smoking | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
| Yes | 0.72 (0.46-1.14) | 0.146 | 0.64 (0.43-0.96) | 0.035* | 0.83 (0.67-1.04) | 0.101 | |||
| Alcohol consumption | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
| Yes | 1.84 (1.04-3.26) | 0.039* | 2.04 (1.23-3.38) | 0.011* | 2.01 (1.09-4.03) | 0.030* | |||
| Low physical activity | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
| Yes | 0.96 (0.65-1.40) | 0.833 | 0.96 (0.68-1.38) | 0.826 | 0.94 (0.66-1.37) | 0.751 | |||
| Metabolic: | |||||||||
| BMI | Normal | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
| Underweight | 0.40 (0.22-0.71) | 0.006* | 0.41 (0.22-0.78) | 0.011* | 0.41 (0.21-0.80) | 0.014* | |||
| Overweight | 3.09 (2.43-3.91) | <0.001* | 2.95 (2.34-3.72) | <0.001* | 2.93 (2.28-3.78) | <0.001* | |||
| Diabetes | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
| Yes | 1.83 (1.39-2.41) | 0.001* | 1.47 (1.04-2.07) | 0.034* | 1.49 (1.05-2.12) | 0.029* | |||
| Hypercholesterolemia | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
| Yes | 1.27 (0.80-2.00) | 0.277 | 1.15 (0.74-1.78) | 0.496 | 1.17 (0.78-1.76) | 0.410 | |||
Model 1 adjusted for age, location, gender, education and ethnicity; Model 2 adjustment –behavioural risk factors: smoking, alcohol consumption, low physical activity were
added to Model 1; Model 3 adjustment- the metabolic risk factors: BMI, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia were added to Model 1; Model 4 included all variables in the table
*p-value ≤0.05 from multivariate logistic regression