Table 6.
Association between hypertension and year of study (2004/2014), socio-demographic-, behavioural- and metabolic risk factors in 2004 and 2014 combined
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pOR (95% CI) | p-value | pOR (95% CI) | p-value | pOR (95% CI) | p-value | pOR (95% CI) | p-value | pOR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| Socio-demographic: | |||||||||||
| Year | 2004 | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
| 2014 | 1.49 (1.21-1.82) | 0.001* | 1.49 (1.22-1.82) | <0.001* | 1.44 (1.17-1.77) | 0.001* | 1.28 (0.92-1.78) | 0.129 | 1.22 (0.89-1.68) | 0.207 | |
| Age | 1.06 (1.05-1.06) | <0.001* | 1.05 (1.04-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.06 (1.05-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.05 (1.04-1.07) | <0.001* | 1.06 (1.05-1.07) | <0.001* | |
| Location | Urban | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||
| Rural | 0.94 (0.72-1.23) | 0.629 | 0.92 (0.69-1.22) | 0.535 | 1.15 (0.83-1.58) | 0.385 | 1.12 (0.79-1.59) | 0.496 | |||
| Gender | Male | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | |||||
| Female | 1.09 (0.88-1.35) | 0.406 | 1.10 (0.89-1.36) | 0.376 | 1.24 (0.85-1.81) | 0.254 | 0.85 (0.67-1.08) | 0.171 | 1.05 (0.72-1.53) | 0.78 | |
| Education | No formal | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||
| 1-5 years | 0.79 (0.49-1.26) | 0.304 | 0.78 (0.49-1.25) | 0.293 | 0.78 (0.46-1.33) | 0.35 | 0.78 (0.46-1.32) | 0.346 | |||
| 6-11 years | 0.89 (0.55-1.44) | 0.623 | 0.86 (0.53-1.38) | 0.511 | 0.88 (0.54-1.44) | 0.597 | 0.88 (0.54-1.43) | 0.584 | |||
| > 11 years | 0.65 (0.50-1.44) | 0.529 | 0.80 (0.47-1.36) | 0.388 | 0.75 (0.42-1.32) | 0.303 | 0.73 (0.41-1.29) | 0.268 | |||
| Ethnicity | Bamar | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||
| Non-Bamar | 0.81 (0.68-0.98) | 0.030* | 0.80 (0.66-0.96) | 0.021* | 0.81 (0.68-0.98) | 0.029* | 0.81 (0.68-0.96) | 0.017* | |||
| Behavioural: | |||||||||||
| Tobacco smoking | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.67 (0.52-0.88) | 0.006* | 0.87 (0.74-1.01) | 0.061 | |||||||
| Alcohol consumption | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.92 (1.33-2.76) | 0.001* | 2.00 (1.26-3.17) | 0.005* | |||||||
| Low physical activity | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.10 (0.81-1.50) | 0.517 | 1.01 (0.81-1.49) | 0.532 | |||||||
| Metabolic: | |||||||||||
| BMI | Normal | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||||
| Underweight | 0.43 (0.29-0.64) | <0.001* | 0.42 (0.28-0.64) | <0.001* | |||||||
| Overweight | 2.62 (2.17-3.17) | <0.001* | 2.62 (2.14-3.20) | <0.001* | |||||||
| Diabetes | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.49 (1.16-1.91) | 0.003* | 1.50 (1.16-1.93) | 0.003* | |||||||
| Hypercholesterolemia | No | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.16 (0.86-1.56) | 0.317 | 1.17 (0.88-1.54) | 0.264 | |||||||
Model 1 adjusted for age and gender; Model 2 adjusted for age, gender, location, education and ethnicity; Model 3 adjustment- the behavioural risk factors: smoking, alcohol consumption and low physical activity were added to Model 2; Model 4 adjustment- the metabolic risk factors: BMI, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia were added to Model 2; Model 5 included all variables in the table