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. 2017 Jun 12;8(5):735–747. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12202

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effect of indoxyl sulfate on peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1‐alpha expression, autophagy, or mitochondrial membrane potential, and the effect of anti‐oxidant, L‐carnitine, and teneligliptin on indoxyl sulfate‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction in C2C12 cells. (A) mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1‐alpha at 3 h after a 1 mM indoxyl sulfate treatment was determined by real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. (B) Protein expression of LC3II/LC3I at 3 h after 1 mM indoxyl sulfate treatment was determined by western blot. (C) Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by MitoRed staining (the interaction of MitoRed with mitochondria depends of the membrane potential of the mitochondria) and MitoGreen staining (MitoGreen appears to localize to mitochondria regardless of mitochondrial membrane potential), the mitochondria selective fluorescent probe at 3 h after a 1 mM indoxyl sulfate treatment. Effect of ascorbic acid (an anti‐oxidant, 200 μμ; AsA), L‐carnitine (5 mM; Car), or teneligliptin (1 μM; Tnl) on indoxyl sulfate‐induced mitochondrial decline of membrane potential at 3 h after 1 mM indoxyl sulfate treatment. AsA, Car, or Tnl was co‐incubated with indoxyl sulfate. Data are expressed the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 3–4). * p < 0.05 compared with control.