Table 1.
Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics of the sample by antidepressant use status during pregnancy before gestational week 34 (n = 5887)
| Depression, Nonmedicated | Depression, SSRI Monotherapy | Depression, SNRI Monotherapy | Depression, TCA Monotherapy | Depression, OAD Monotherapy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 5106 | n = 654 | n = 75 | n = 21 | n = 31 | |
| Maternal age, y; mean ± SD | 29.6 ± 5.1 | 30.0 ± 5.0 | 29.2 ± 5.6 | 31.0 ± 5.5 | 30.9 ± 4.3 |
| Multiple gestation; no., % | |||||
| No | 5030 (98.5) | 637 (97.4) | 73 (97.3) | 21 (100.0) | 30 (96.8) |
| Yes | 76 (1.5) | 17 (2.6) | 2 (2.7) | — | 1 (3.2) |
| Gestational age at delivery, wk; mean ± SD | 39.4 ± 1.70 | 39.1 ± 1.81 | 39.2 ± 1.98 | 38.6 ± 1.53 | 39.1 ± 1.88 |
| Parity; no., % | |||||
| 0 | 2410 (47.2) | 357 (54.6) | 38 (50.7) | 10 (47.6) | 12 (38.7) |
| ≥1 | 2696 (52.8) | 297 (45.4) | 37 (49.3) | 11 (52.4) | 19 (61.3) |
| Marital status; no., % | |||||
| Married/cohabiting | 4663 (91.3) | 566 (86.5) | 62 (82.7) | 20 (95.2) | 28 (90.3) |
| Other | 399 (7.8) | 84 (12.8) | 11 (14.7) | 1 (4.8) | 3 (9.7) |
| Educational level; no., % | |||||
| University/college | 2428 (47.6) | 311 (47.6) | 29 (38.7) | 7 (33.3) | 15 (48.4) |
| Lower than university/college | 2326 (45.6) | 301 (46.0) | 43 (57.3) | 14 (66.7) | 16 (51.6) |
| Woman's gross yearly income, NOK; no., % | |||||
| No income | 204 (4.0) | 29 (4.4) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (3.2) |
| <199 999 | 1858 (36.4) | 277 (42.4) | 31 (41.3) | 9 (42.9) | 16 (51.6) |
| 200‐399 999 | 2470 (48.4) | 286 (43.7) | 33 (44.0) | 10 (47.6) | 11 (35.5) |
| >400 000 | 402 (7.9) | 43 (6.6) | 7 (9.3) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (3.2) |
| BMI at conception; mean ± SD | 24.3 ± 4.6 | 24.5 ± 4.9 | 24.5 ± 5.0 | 25.6 ± 4.5 | 22.6 ± 3.7 |
| Weight gain, kg, until GW 30; mean ± SD | 9.8 ± 5.4 | 9.5 ± 5.4 | 10.9 ± 6.0 | 10.0 ± 4.8 | 9.7 ± 6.6 |
| Smoking status at GW 30; no., % | |||||
| No | 3643 (71.4) | 439 (67.1) | 42 (56.0) | 15 (71.4) | 13 (41.9) |
| Yes | 728 (14.3) | 111 (17.0) | 22 (29.3) | 3 (14.3) | 10 (32.3) |
| Stopped in pregnancy | 683 (13.4) | 100 (15.3) | 9 (12.0) | 3 (14.3) | 8 (25.8) |
| Infertility treatment; no., % | |||||
| No | 4831 (94.6) | 623 (95.3) | 72 (96.0) | 20 (95.2) | 28 (90.3) |
| Yes | 275 (5.4) | 31 (4.7) | 3 (4.0) | 1 (4.8) | 3 (9.7) |
| Chronic hypertension and use of antihypertensive before conception; no., % | |||||
| No | 5098 (99.8) | 653 (99.9) | 75 (100.0) | 21 (100.0) | 31 (100.0) |
| Yes | 8 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | — | — | — |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hga; mean ± SD | 113.1 ± 12.5 | 111.7 ± 13.1 | 107.7 ± 9.8 | 114.8 ± 14.4 | 110.0 ± 15.0 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hga; mean ± SD | 68.1 ± 9.6 | 67.3 ± 9.7 | 66.0 ± 8.2 | 69.4 ± 9.0 | 66.8 ± 9.7 |
| Preexisting diabetes; no., % | |||||
| No | 5181 (99.4) | 650 (99.4) | 75 (100.0) | 21 (100.0) | 31 (100.0) |
| Yes | 34 (0.7) | 4 (0.6) | — | — | — |
| Preeclampsia history; no., % | |||||
| No | 4910 (96.2) | 627 (95.9) | 71 (94.7) | 21 (100.0) | 29 (93.6) |
| Yes | 196 (3.8) | 27 (4.1) | 4 (5.3) | — | 2 (6.5) |
| History of spontaneous abortion(s)b; no., % | |||||
| No | 3480 (68.2) | 466 (71.3) | 53 (70.7) | 13 (61.9) | 18 (58.1) |
| Yes | 1000 (19.6) | 121 (18.5) | 12 (16.0) | 6 (28.6) | 12 (38.7) |
| Lifetime major depressionc; no., % | |||||
| No | 1328 (26.0) | 46 (7.0) | 7 (9.3) | 2 (9.5) | 2 (6.4) |
| Yes | 3491 (68.4) | 582 (89.0) | 66 (88.0) | 19 (90.5) | 29 (93.6) |
| Depressive symptoms at GW 17; z‐score ± SD | −0.03 ± 0.98 | 0.18 ± 1.11 | 0.37 ± 1.15 | 0.14 ± 0.87 | 0.39 ± 1.08 |
| Depressive symptoms at GW 30; z‐score ± SD | −0.02 ± 0.97 | 0.10 ± 1.13 | 0.43 ± 1.39 | 0.31 ± 1.08 | 0.44 ± 1.31 |
| Comedication use in pregnancy; no., % | |||||
| Other psychotropic drugsd | 142 (2.8) | 81 (12.4) | 10 (13.3) | 5 (23.8) | 8 (25.8) |
| NSAIDs and/or opioid analgesics | 450 (8.8) | 85 (13.0) | 11 (14.7) | 3 (14.3) | 6 (19.4) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; GW, gestational week; NOK, Norwegian Krone (1 NOK=0.13 USD); NSAID, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; OADs, other antidepressants; SNRIs, serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TCA, tricyclic antidepressants.
Numbers may not add up to total due to missing values, ranging from 1% to 3% for smoking, BMI, and socioeconomic status, to 5% to 7% for educational level, lifetime history of major depression and depressive, and anxiety symptoms in GW 17, 8% to 10% for depressive and anxiety symptoms in GW 30 and weight gain, and 14% for baseline blood pressure values.
Self‐reported systolic and diastolic blood pressure as measured at first antenatal visit.
Defined as history of spontaneous abortion(s) before GW 12.
Defined as Kendlers lifetime major depression scale score of 3 or more of 6 depressive symptoms of duration of more than 2 weeks.
Other psychotropic drugs include all medications under the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical code N05, ie, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, hypnotics, and sedatives.