Table 1.
Background characteristics of study population and percentages of pregnant women scoring 13 or higher on EPDS scale for each category. Chi2-tests for group comparisons.
| MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS | N (%) | Scoring 13 and above on EPDS (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| HIV status | |||
| Negative | 561 (57.7) | 20.9 | |
| Positive | 412 (42.3) | 25.5 | 0.089 |
| Age | |||
| 14–19 years old | 179 (17.2) | 24.6 | |
| 20 years or older | 841 (82.8) | 22.4 | 0.52 |
| SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES | |||
| Mother’s education | |||
| Secondary level or higher | 672 (68.8) | 21.6 | |
| Primary level | 227 (23.2) | 25.1 | |
| None | 78 (8.0) | 24.4 | 0.508 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married or living with boyfriend | 223 (22.6) | 18.4 | |
| Unmarried and single | 630 (63.8) | 23.8 | 0.417 |
| Employment | |||
| Formally or self-employed | 210 (21.3) | 18.1 | |
| Unemployed | 778 (78.7) | 23.5 | 0.550 |
| HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS | |||
| Housing | |||
| Homestead | 198(25.2) | 22.2 | |
| Tenant | 588 (74.8) | 21.1 | 0.736 |
| Water source | |||
| Surface water | 105 (10.4) | 24.8 | |
| Communal tap | 163 (16.1) | 22.1 | |
| Tap on site | 742 (73.4) | 21.7 | 0.260 |
| Sanitation | |||
| Pit latrine or no toilet | 896 (89.2) | 23.3 | |
| Flush toilet | 109 (10.8) | 17.4 | 0.165 |
| Sharing toilet | |||
| Yes | 579 (76.3) | 23.8 | |
| No | 180 (23.7) | 16.1 | 0.029 |
| FOOD SECURITY | |||
| Cut size of meals in last 12 months | |||
| Yes | 157 (16.4) | 52.5 | |
| No | 800 (83.6) | 17.5 | <0.001 |
| Not eat for a whole day in last 12 months | |||
| Yes | 117 (12.3) | 54.7 | |
| No | 835 (87.7) | 18.9 | <0.001 |
| Cut size of meal for children in the last 12 months | |||
| Yes | 107 (11.3) | 53.3 | |
| No | 837 (88.7) | 19.2 | <0.001 |
| SOCIAL VULNERABILITY INDEX | |||
| 2nd to 5th quintile | 831 (80.1) | 17.0 | |
| 1st quintile (Worst off) | 207 (19.9) | 45.9 | <0.001 |