Table 1. Compiled antimicrobial susceptibility results of statins against various Gram-positive bacteria reported in literaturea.
| Bacteria type and strainb | Solvent/Brothc | Statin (MIC in µg/mL) d | Reference | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATV | FLV | LVS | PTV | PRV | RSV | SMV | ||||||||||||
| Bacillus species | ||||||||||||||||||
| Isolates | Methanol 1:2 dilution (range from 50% to 0.78%) | 43.75 ± 17.12 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Radwan & Ezzat (2012) | |||||||||
| Bacillus anthracis | ||||||||||||||||||
| AMES35, UM23 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 16 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| Enterococcus faecalis | ||||||||||||||||||
| Unknown strain | Ethanol 1% | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 64 | Quivey (2014) | |||||||||
| Enterococcus faecalis (Vancomycin-resistant) | ||||||||||||||||||
| ATCC 51299 | DMSO Unknown % | 166.67 ± 72.16 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 500 ± 0.00 | 104.17 ± 36.08 | Masadeh et al. (2012) | |||||||||
| ATCC 51299 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| ATCC 51299 | Ethanol 6.25% | 250 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 100 | Not tested | Welsh, Kruger & Faoagali (2009) | |||||||||
| SF24413, SF28073 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 216.67 ± 32.27 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 500.00 ± 0.00 | 291.67 ± 39.53 | Masadeh et al. (2012) | |||||||||
| Isolates | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >128 | Coban et al. (2010) | |||||||||
| Enterococcus faecalis (Vancomycin-sensitive) | ||||||||||||||||||
| ATCC 7080, ATCC 14506 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| ATCC 19433 | DMSO Unknown % | 83.33 ± 36.08 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 333.33 ± 144.33 | 52.08 ± 18.04 | Masadeh et al. (2012) | |||||||||
| ATCC 29212 | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 64 | Coban et al. (2010) | |||||||||
| ATCC 29212 | Ethanol 6.25% | 250 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 100 | Not tested | Welsh, Kruger & Faoagali (2009) | |||||||||
| ATCC 29212 | DMSO 2.5% | >250 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >250 | Not tested | >250 | Graziano et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| ATCC 49532, ATCC 49533, HH22, MMH594, SF24397 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 95.83 ± 22.09 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 333.33 ± 0.00 | 291.67 ± 39.53 | Masadeh et al. (2012) | |||||||||
| Isolates | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >128 | Coban et al. (2010) | |||||||||
| Enterococcus faecium | ||||||||||||||||||
| Unknown strain | Ethanol 1% | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 64 | Quivey (2014) | |||||||||
| Enterococcus faecium (Vancomycin-resistant) | ||||||||||||||||||
| ATCC 700221, E0120, ERV102 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| Isolates | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >128 | Coban et al. (2010) | |||||||||
| Enterococcus faecium (Vancomycin-sensitive) | ||||||||||||||||||
| ATCC 6569, E1162 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| Isolates | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >128 | Coban et al. (2010) | |||||||||
| Lactobacillus casei | ||||||||||||||||||
| Unknown strain | Not specified | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 7.8 | Ting, Whitaker & Albandar (2016) | |||||||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | ||||||||||||||||||
| ATCC 13932, ATCC 19111, ATCC 19112, ATCC 19114, F4244, J0161 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| Staphylococci (Methicillin-resistant coagulase negative, MRCoNS) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Isolates | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >128 | Coban et al. (2010) | |||||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | ||||||||||||||||||
| Unknown strain | Ethanol 1% | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 64 | Quivey (2014) | |||||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus(Methicillin-resistant, MRSA) | ||||||||||||||||||
| ATCC 14458, ATCC 33591, ATCC 43300 | DMSO 2.5% | >250 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >250 | Not tested | 31.25 | Graziano et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| ATCC 43300 | DMSO Unknown % | 83.33 ± 36.08 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 500 ± 0.00 | 166.67 ± 72.16 | Masadeh et al. (2012) | |||||||||
| ATCC 43300 | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >128 | Coban et al. (2010) | |||||||||
| ATCC 43300 | Unknown solvent and % | >1,024 | >1,024 | >1,024 | >1,024 | >1,024 | >1,024 | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| ATCC 49476 | Ethanol 6.25% | 250 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 100 | Not tested | Welsh, Kruger & Faoagali (2009) | |||||||||
| ATCC BAA-44, NRS70, NRS71, NRS108, NRS119, NRS123 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| NRS100, NRS194 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 64 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| USA100, USA200, USA300, USA400, USA500, USA700, USA800, USA1000, USA1100 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 108.33 ± 27.36 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 500.00 ± 0.00 | 116.67 ± 30.19 | Masadeh et al. (2012) | |||||||||
| Isolates | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >128 | Coban et al. (2010) | |||||||||
| Isolates | Methanol 1:2 dilution (range from 50% to 0.2%) | Not tested | >200 (mean) | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 74.9 (mean) | Jerwood & Cohen (2008) | |||||||||
| Isolates | Methanol 1:2 dilution (range from 50% to 0.78%) | 37.5 ± 13.98 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Radwan & Ezzat (2012) | |||||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus(Methicillin-sensitive, MSSA) | ||||||||||||||||||
| ATCC 6538 | DMSO 2.5% | >250 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >250 | Not tested | 31.25 | Graziano et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| ATCC 6538 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| ATCC 25213 | DMSO Unknown % | 41.67 ± 18.04 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 208.33 ± 72.16 | 26.04 ± 9.02 | Masadeh et al. (2012) | |||||||||
| ATCC 25923 | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 64 | Coban et al. (2010) | |||||||||
| ATCC 25923 | Ethanol 6.25% | 250 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 100 | Not tested | Welsh, Kruger & Faoagali (2009) | |||||||||
| ATCC 29213 | DMSO 0.5% | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 62.5 | Wang et al. (2016) | |||||||||
| ATCC 29213 | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Coban et al. (2010) | |||||||||
| ATCC 29213 | DMSO 2.5% | >250 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >250 | Not tested | 15.65 | Graziano et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| ATCC 29213 | Various solvents and % | >250 (Ethanol 5%) | 500 | >500 (DMSO 5%) | Not tested | >500 | >500 | 31 (Methanol 100%); 500 (Methanol 5%); 500 (SMV sodium) | Matzneller, Manafi & Zeitlinger (2011) | |||||||||
| RN4220, NRS72, NRS77, NRS846, NRS860 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| Isolates | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >128 | Coban et al. (2010) | |||||||||
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 52.08 ± 11.04 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 341.67 ± 20.84 | 60.42 ± 12.76 | Masadeh et al. (2012) | |||||||||
| Isolates | Methanol 1:2 dilution (range from 50% to 0.2%) | Not tested | >200 (mean) | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 29.2 (mean) | Jerwood & Cohen (2008) | |||||||||
| Isolates | DMSO 2.5% | >250 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >250 | Not tested | 31.25 | Graziano et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus(Vancomycin-intermediate, VISA) | ||||||||||||||||||
| NRS1, NRS19, NRS37 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus(Vancomycin-resistant, VRSA) | ||||||||||||||||||
| VRS1, VRS2, VRS3a, VRS3b, VRS4, VRS5, VRS6, VRS7, VRS8, VRS10, VRS11a, VRS11b, VRS12, VRS13 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| VRS9 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 64 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | ||||||||||||||||||
| ATCC 12228 | DMSO Unknown % | 20.83 ± 9.02 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 166.67 ± 72.16 | 26.04 ± 9.02 | Masadeh et al. (2012) | |||||||||
| NRS101 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 32 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 19.78 ± 4.94 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 233.33 ± 39.52 | 35.41 ± 4.94 | Masadeh et al. (2012) | |||||||||
| Streptococcus anginosus | ||||||||||||||||||
| Unknown strain | Not specified | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 7.8 | Ting, Whitaker & Albandar (2016) | |||||||||
| Streptococcus mutans | ||||||||||||||||||
| ATCC 25175 | DMSO 1:2 dilution (range from 50% to 0.2%) | 100 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 200 | 100 | 15.6 | Alshammari (2016) | |||||||||
| UA159 | Ethanol 1% | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 16 | Quivey (2014) | |||||||||
| Unknown strain | Not specified | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 15.6 | Ting, Whitaker & Albandar (2016) | |||||||||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | ||||||||||||||||||
| 51916, 70677 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 64 | Thangamani et al. (2015) | |||||||||
| ATCC BAA-334 | DMSO 2.5% | Not tested | >100 | Not tested | Not tested | >100 | Not tested | 15.6 | Bergman et al. (2011) | |||||||||
| Unknown ATCC strain | DMSO Unknown % | 104.17 ± 36.08 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 333.33 ± 144.33 | 166.67 ± 72.16 | Masadeh et al. (2012) | |||||||||
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 229.17 ± 60.38 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 416.67 ± 0.00 | 291.67 ± 39.53 | Masadeh et al. (2012) | |||||||||
| Unknown strain | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 15 | Bjorkhem-Bergman et al. (2011) | |||||||||
| Streptococcus pyogenes | ||||||||||||||||||
| ATCC 19615 | DMSO Unknown % | 83.33 ± 36.08 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 166.67 ± 72.16 | 62.5 ± 0.00 | Masadeh et al. (2012) | |||||||||
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 133.33 ± 19.76 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 275.00 ± 72.17 | 145.83 ± 32.27 | Masadeh et al. (2012) | |||||||||
| Streptococcus salivarius | ||||||||||||||||||
| ATCC 2593 | DMSO 1:2 dilution (range from 50% to 0.2%) | 100 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 200 | 100 | 7.8 | Alshammari (2016) | |||||||||
| Unknown strain | Not specified | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 7.8 | Ting, Whitaker & Albandar (2016) | |||||||||
| Streptococcus sanguinis (Streptococcus sanguis) | ||||||||||||||||||
| ATCC 10556 | DMSO 1:2 dilution (range from 50% to 0.2%) | 100 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 200 | 100 | 15.6 | Alshammari (2016) | |||||||||
| Unknown strain | Not specified | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 15.6 | Ting, Whitaker & Albandar (2016) | |||||||||
Notes.
a
The dilution methods for Alshammari (2016), Bergman et al. (2011), Quivey (2014), Welsh, Kruger & Faoagali (2009), and Ting, Whitaker & Albandar (2016) were described in the respective studies. All other studies were tested according to the broth microdilution method stipulated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), formerly known as National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS).
b
ATCC, American Type Culture Collection.
c
All studies were tested with Mueller Hinton broth unless specified. Solvent types and solvent concentrations used for water insoluble statins (ATV, LVS, PTV, and SMV) were listed as reported in the various references. DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.
d
ATV, atorvastatin; FLV, fluvastatin; LVS, lovastatin; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; PRV, pravastatin; PTV, pitavastatin; RSV, rosuvastatin; SMV, simvastatin.