Table 2. Compiled antimicrobial susceptibility results of statins against various Gram-negative bacteria reported in literaturea.
| Bacteria type and strainb | Solvent/Brothc | Statin (MIC in µg/mL) d | Reference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATV | FLV | LVS | PTV | PRV | RSV | SMV | |||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | |||||||||
| ATCC 17978 | DMSO Unknown % | 15.62 ± 0.00 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 333.33 ± 144.33 | 104.17 ± 36.08 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| ATCC BAA747, ATCC BAA1605, ATCC BAA19606 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >256 | Thangamani et al. (2015) |
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 21.87 ± 4.94 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 300.00 ± 79.05 | 32.29 ± 6.38 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| Isolates | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >128 | Coban et al. (2010) |
| Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans | |||||||||
| Unknown ATCC strain | DMSO 1% stock, Brain heart infusion broth | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | <1 | Emani, Gunjiganur & Mehta (2014) |
| Unknown strain | Not specified | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 3.95 | Ting, Whitaker & Albandar (2016) |
| Citrobacter freundii | |||||||||
| ATCC 8090 | DMSO Unknown % | 83.33 ± 36.08 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 166.67 ± 72.16 | 52.08 ± 18.04 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 108.33 ± 27.36 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 333.33 ± 79.06 | 133.33 ± 39.58 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| Enterobacter aerogenes | |||||||||
| ATCC 29751 | DMSO Unknown % | 15.62 ± 0.00 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 104.17 ± 36.08 | 26.04 ± 9.02 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 19.78 ± 4.94 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 183.33 ± 0.00 | 33.33 ± 4.94 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| Enterobacter cloacae | |||||||||
| ATCC 13047 | DMSO Unknown % | 41.67 ± 18.04 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 166.67 ± 72.16 | 62.5 ± 0.00 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 113.54 ± 27.06 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 316.67 ± 64.55 | 143.75 ± 36.97 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| Escherichia coli | |||||||||
| 1411, SM1411ΔacrAB | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >256 | Thangamani et al. (2015) |
| ATCC 10536, ATCC 25922 | DMSO 2.5% | >250 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >250 | Not tested | >250 | Graziano et al. (2015) |
| ATCC 25922 | Various solvents and % | >250 (Ethanol 5%) | 500 | >500 (DMSO 5%) | Not tested | >500 | >500 | >500 (Methanol 100% and 5%) | Matzneller, Manafi & Zeitlinger (2011) |
| ATCC 25922 | Ethanol 6.25% | 250 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 100 | Not tested | Welsh, Kruger & Faoagali (2009) |
| ATCC 35218 | DMSO Unknown % | 26.04 ± 9.02 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 104.17 ± 36.08 | 52.08 ± 18.04 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| ATCC 35218 | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >128 | Coban et al. (2010) |
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 100.00 ± 33.75 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 125.00 ± 16.14 | 112.5 ± 30.19 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| Isolates | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >128 | Coban et al. (2010) |
| Isolates | Methanol 1:2 dilution (range from 50% to 0.78%) | 75 ± 27.95 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Radwan & Ezzat (2012) |
| Escherichia coliO157:H7 | |||||||||
| ATCC 35150, ATCC 700728 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >256 | Thangamani et al. (2015) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | |||||||||
| ATCC 29247 | DMSO Unknown % | 83.33 ± 36.08 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 166.67 ± 72.16 | 52.08 ± 18.04 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 104.17 ± 36.08 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 366.67 ± 0.00 | 145.83 ± 32.27 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| Isolates | DMSO 2.5% | Not tested | >100 | Not tested | Not tested | >100 | Not tested | >250 | Bergman et al. (2011) |
| Klebsiella species | |||||||||
| Not specified | Ethanol 1% | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 64 | Quivey (2014) |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | |||||||||
| ATCC 13883 | DMSO Unknown % | 166.67 ± 72.16 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 333.33 ± 144.33 | 166.67 ± 72.16 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| ATCC 700603 | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >128 | Coban et al. (2010) |
| ATCC BAA-1705, ATCC BAA-2146 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >256 | Thangamani et al. (2015) |
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 216.67 ± 51.03 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 258.33 ± 64.55 | 241.67 ± 60.38 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| Isolates | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >128 | Coban et al. (2010) |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | |||||||||
| Isolates | DMSO 2.5% | Not tested | >100 | Not tested | Not tested | >100 | Not tested | 15.6 | Bergman et al. (2011) |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis | |||||||||
| ATCC 33277 | DMSO 1% stock, Brain heart infusion broth | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 2 | Emani, Gunjiganur & Mehta (2014) |
| Proteus mirabilis | |||||||||
| ATCC 12459 | DMSO Unknown % | 62.5 ± 0.00 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 250 ± 0.00 | 166.67 ± 72.16 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 127.08 ± 25.51 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 191.67 ± 32.27 | 158.33 ± 32.27 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| Isolates | Methanol 1:2 dilution (range from 50% to 0.78%) | 125 ± 0.00 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Radwan & Ezzat (2012) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |||||||||
| ATCC 9027 | DMSO Unknown % | 83.33 ± 36.08 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 166.67 ± 72.16 | 166.67 ± 72.16 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| ATCC 9027, ATCC 9721, ATCC 10145 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >256 | Thangamani et al. (2015) |
| ATCC 15442 | Unknown solvent and % | >1,024 | >1,024 | >1,024 | >1,024 | >1,024 | >1,024 | >1,024 | Thangamani et al. (2015) |
| ATCC 25619 | DMSO 2.5% | >250 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >250 | Not tested | >250 | Graziano et al. (2015) |
| ATCC 25619, ATCC 27853 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >256 | Thangamani et al. (2015) |
| ATCC 27853 | DMSO 2.5% | >250 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >250 | Not tested | >250 | Graziano et al. (2015) |
| ATCC 27853 | Various solvents and % | >250 (Ethanol 5%) | 500 | >500 (DMSO 5%) | Not tested | >500 | >500 | >500 (Methanol 100% and 5%) | Matzneller, Manafi & Zeitlinger (2011) |
| ATCC 27853 | Ethanol 6.25% | 250 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 100 | Not tested | Welsh, Kruger & Faoagali (2009) |
| ATCC 35032, ATCC BAA-1744 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >256 | Thangamani et al. (2015) |
| PAO1 | DMSO 2% stock, Lysogeny Broth | 625 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 625 | Not tested | Sarabhai et al. (2015) |
| Isolates | DMSO Unknown % | 95.83 ± 22.09 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | 291.67 ± 39.53 | 120.83 ± 32.27 | Masadeh et al. (2012) |
| Isolates | Unknown solvent and % | >128 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >128 | Coban et al. (2010) |
| Unknown strain | Ethanol 1% | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >256 | Quivey (2014) |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | |||||||||
| ATCC 700720 | Unknown solvent and % | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | >256 | Thangamani et al. (2015) |
Notes.
a
The dilution methods for Bergman et al. (2011), Quivey (2014), Welsh, Kruger & Faoagali (2009), and Ting, Whitaker & Albandar (2016) were described in the respective studies. All other studies were tested according to the broth microdilution method stipulated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), formerly known as National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS).
b
ATCC, American Type Culture Collection.
c
All studies were tested with Mueller Hinton broth unless specified. Solvent types and solvent concentrations used for water insoluble statins (ATV, LVS, PTV, and SMV) were listed as reported in the various references. DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.
d
ATV, atorvastatin; FLV, fluvastatin; LVS, lovastatin; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; PRV, pravastatin; PTV, pitavastatin; RSV, rosuvastatin; SMV, simvastatin.