Table 2. Language processes engaged by different language and baseline tasks.

Table shows the main language tasks (top left quadrant) and baseline tasks (bottom left quadrant) identified as being widely used in laterality research. For each type of task, the number of studies (N) within our search selection using this task is given, as well as one characterisation of the different language processes (middle column) and domain general processes (right column) they engage.

		Language processes						Domain general processes
Task	N studies	Speech motor planning/ articulation	Phonological access	Orthographical processing	Semantics	Word retrieval	Syntax	Working memory	Motor processing	Auditory processing
Language tasks
Verbal fluency	53	✔	✔	(✔)	(✔)	✔		✔
Sentence generation	5	✔	✔		✔	✔	✔	✔
Passive speech listening	7		✔		✔		✔	(✔)		✔
Text reading	2	✔	✔	✔	✔		✔	(✔)
Phonemic decision	8	(✔)	✔	(✔)	(✔)	(✔)		✔	(✔)
Semantic decision	20		(✔)	(✔)	✔	(✔)		✔	(✔)
Sentence comprehension	8		✔	(✔)	✔		✔	✔		(✔)
Naming	9	✔	✔		✔	✔
Baseline tasks
Rest	37				(✔)
Perceptual decision (non-linguistic)	25							✔	(✔)
Finger tapping	3								✔
Non-word/word repetition	8	✔	✔
Recite months of the year/count sequence	2	✔	✔		(✔)	✔
Tone listening	3									✔
Backward speech listening	2									✔
Nonsense text reading	2	✔	✔	✔
Spatial position naming	1	✔	✔		✔	✔

Notes.

✔

engaged

(✔)

sometimes engaged (e.g., depending on task demands, modality of stimuli, occurrence of automatic linguistic processing)