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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 27.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jan 31;112(4):537–554. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2016.610

Table 1.

Rationale for neoadjuvant therapy

Increase likelihood of truly negative surgical margins
Increase likelihood of completion of all intended multimodality therapy
Declaration of distant metastases and early progression of disease
Declaration of patient’s functional status and inability to tolerate operation
Opportunities for in vivo and in vitro testing for chemoresponsiveness