Table 1.

Analytical characteristics of PSA electrochemical immunosensors

Immobilization	Technique	LOD	LR	Ref.
GCE/MWCNTs-ILs/Thi)/anti-PSA/PSA/HRP-labeled PSA	DPV	20 pg/mL	0.2 – 40 ng/mL	[33]
AuNWs/anti-PSA doped polypyrole/BSA/PSA	DPV	0.3 pg/mL	10 fg/mL – 10 ng/mL	[34]
GCE/GO/Chi/anti-PSA+Thi/PSA/AuNPs–PAMAM/aptamer	DPV EIS	10 fg/mL 5 pg/mL	0.1 pg/mL– 90ng/mL 0.05 – 35 ng/mL	[35]
GCE/MWCNTs/IL/Chi-AuNPs-PAMAM)/ PhCl/anti-PSA+Thi/PSA/HRP- anti-PSA	DPV EIS	1 pg/mL 0.5 ng/mL	0.05 – 80 ng/mL 5 – 25 ng/mL	[36]
AuNano/OEGMA-co-GMA/anti-PSA/PSA/Si-NPs-Ab2	DPV	2 pg/mL	5 pg/mL – 1000 ng/mL	[37]
GCE/NH2-GS–FcCOH/anti-PSA/PSA/Ab2	EIS	2 pg/mL	0.01 – 10 ng/mL	[38]
GCE/GS-AuNPs/anti-PSA/PSA	CV	0.59 ng/mL	0 – 10 ng/mL	[39]
GCE/Ag@MSNs/anti-PSA/BSA/PSA	CV	15 pg/mL	0.05 – 50 ng/mL	[40]
Au/SAM1/NH2-PEG3-biotin/avidin/biotin-anti-PSA/PSA/HRP-anti-PSA	EIS	0.51 ng/mL*	2 – 24 ng/mL	[27]
Au/anti-PSA/PSA/anti-PSA - coated with enzyme-encapsulated liposomes	LSV	7 pg/mL	0.01 – 100 ng/mL	[41]
Au/SAM2/anti-PSA	EIS	10 pg/mL	1.1 – 53 pg/mL	[25]
SPE/array of holes in a polymer/polyaniline/biotin/avidin/biotin-anti-PSA	EIS	1 ng/mL # 1 pg/mL #	1 – 100 ng/mL # 1 – 100 pg/mL #	[26]
Au/SAM3/protein A/BSA/anti-PSA(total) Au/SAM3/protein A/BSA/anti-PSA(free)	EIS EIS	1 ng/mL 1 ng/mL	1 – 10 ng/mL 1 – 10 ng/mL	[28]
Au/SAM4/anti-PSA	EIS	130 ag/mL	130 ag/mL – 1 ug/mL •	[20]
Au/SAM5/anti-PSA/CF/PSA from human serum/lectin	EIS	100 ag/mL &	100 ag/mL – 1 ug/mL •	This study

LOD: limit of detection, LR: linear range, GCE: glassy carbon electrode, IL: ionic liquids, Thi: thionine, PSA: prostate-specific antigen, anti-PSA: antibody against PSA, MWCNTs: multi-walled carbon nanotubes, HRP: horseradish peroxidase, DPV: differential pulse voltammetry, AuNWs: gold nanowires, BSA: bovine serum albumin, GO: graphene oxide, Chi: chitosan, AuNPs–PAMAM: polyamidoamine dendrimer encapsulated gold nanoparticles, PhCl: phtaloyl chloride, AuNano/OEGMA-co-GMA: nanostructured-Au/polymer brush of [oligo(ethylene glycol)methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate, SiNP: silica nanoparticles, Ab₂: secondary antibody, FcCOH: ferrocenecarboxaldehyde, GS: graphene sheets, Ag@NH₂-MCM48: silver hybridized mesoporous silica, AuNPs: gold nanoparticles, CV: cyclic voltammetry, Ag@MSNs: silver hybridized mesoporous silica nanoparticles, SAM1: self-assembled monolayer HS-C₁₆-COOH/EG₃SH, LSV: linear sweep voltammetry, SAM2: various dithiols with –COOH terminations, SPE: screen printed carbon electrode, SAM3: HS--C₁₁-COOH/HS-C₂-OH, SAM4: HS--C₁₁-COOH/HS-C₆-OH, SAM5: HS-C₁₁-COOH/HS-C₆-OH, CF: carbo-free buffer,* - total PSA, ^# - depending on the way anti-PSA is immobilized, ^& - this value was extrapolated, ^•- semilogarithmic calibration curve.