Table 1.

Year	Author	Country	Study Design	Sample	Intervention	Outcomes	Results
Psychological
2012	Rotheram-Borus et al., 2012	USA	Randomized control trial	339 mothers with HIV and 259 of their school-age children, children aged 6–20 years, mean age 15y.	Group, bi-weekly, mother and adolescent sessions, 8 weeks.	Internalising and externalising behaviours, school attendance, grades, problem behaviour	Mixed - alcohol and hard drug use reduced marijuana use increased in intervention group. No difference in internalising and externalising behaviours.
2012	Thurman, et al., 2012	Kenya	Cross-sectional post-intervention design.	766 caregivers and 1028 children aged 8 – 14 years.	Group, weekly, ongoing intervention for caregivers	Child psychosocial well-being: emotional and behavioural problems, prosocial behaviour	Higher prosocial behaviour and fewer behavioural problems.
2014	Eloff et al (2014)	South Africa	Randomised clinical trial.	HIV positive mothers and their children. 390 mother-child pairs. Children 6–10y.	Group, weekly, caregivers and children, 24 weeks in duration	Children’s behaviour (internalising and externalising problems), adaptive functioning, depressive symptoms, anxiety, emotional intelligence	Decreased externalising problems, improved communication and daily living skills, no difference for internalising behviour and emotional intelligence, negative outcome for anxiety.
Psychosocial
2014	Liang et al., 2014	China	Cluster randomized design. Interviews were administered at baseline, 3 and 6 months.	79 families in four village clusters. Participants: (1) with confirmation of an AIDS diagnosis or HIV-positive status; (2) having a seronegative family member living at home; and (3) having at least one child aged 6 to 18 years living with a PLH participant. Two age groups of children (6–12 and 13–18 years) were included in the study.	Family groups and community events.	Children’s self-esteem, perceived parental care, and problem behaviour	No difference in self-esteem or problem behaviour, increased in perception of parental care
2008	Bell et al., 2008	South Africa	Randomized control trial	281 intervention and 298 control children, aged 9 to 14y. Being reared by an adult caregiver age >18 years that fulfills parenting responsibilities, enrolled in school, and indicated agreement to participate in the study via caregiver consent and child assent.	Group, caregiver and child, weekly, 10 sessions.	Anxiety, AIDS transmission knowledge, stigma, Psychological autonomy, range of parenting skills	No differences between groups in child psychosocial outcomes
2009	Kumakech et al., 2009	Uganda	Cluster randomised control trial	326 AIDS ‘orphans’ (lost one or both parents to HIV/AIDS) aged 10–15y	Groups, children in school, 10 weeks.	self-concept, anxiety, anger, and depression	Lower anxiety, depression and anger.
2011	Mueller et al., 2011	South Africa	Quasi-experimental, cross-sectional post-intervention	177 intervention group and 120 control group children aged 8–18 years.	Groups, children in school, 50 or more sessions over 6 months. Focus on increasing self-esteem, self-efficacy and psychological well-being.	self-esteem, self-efficacy, child depression was, emotional–behavioural problems	No differences in depression, emotional and behavioural problems and self-esteem, but increase self-efficacy.
2012	Carlson et al., 2012	Tanzania	Cluster randomised control trial	726 children, aged 9–14y.	Group, adolescents, weekly, 28 weeks	Five aspects of self-efficacy	Improvements in deliberative self efficacy, communicative self efficacy and emotional control, no difference in academic efficacy or peer resistance.
2016	Sherr et al., 2016	South Africa	Longitudinal study	1848 children aged 9–13 years old from South Africa and Malawi who were either CBO attenders or had not received CBO support (control group)	Range of different community-based programmes for children affected by HIV/AIDS with different modalities of provision	Depressive symptoms, suicide ideation, post-traumatic symptoms, harsh discipline, perceived praise for child	Less suicidal ideation, depression, stigma, domestic violence, peer problems and conduct problems, and improved prosocial behaviour. No difference in perceived parental praise or post-traumatic stress symptoms.
2013	Balfour et al., 2013	South Africa	Quasi experimental design	629 participants, age range not reported	Group sport, children, eight sessions over 12 weeks.	HIV stigma, substance use.	Lower HIV stigma and drug use.
Social
2011	Hallfors et al., 2011	Zimbabwe	Randomised control trial	329 girls in Grade 6 in 25 schools (ages range 10–16 years)	Individual material support, child and family support, duration not specified	Child perceptions of caring adults, school dropout, educational aspiration, gender equity, attitudes towards sex, sexual debut, marital status, pregnancy	Reduced school drop out, early marriage and increased school attendance, educational aspiration, and delayed sexual debut. No differeence for perceptions of caring of teachers and gender equity.
2012	Cho et al, 2011 and Hallfors, et al., 2012	Kenya	Randomized control trial. 2 year follow up.	105 children, 11–14y	Ongoing programme delivered on an individual level to learners to provide material support for school supplies, as well as visits from a female community visitor, as a means to provide comprehensive support for girls to stay in school and reduce HIV risk.	School absence, perceptions of caring adults, school dropout, educational aspiration, future expectations, gender equity, attitudes towards sex	No differences between groups.
2010	Baird et al., 2010	Malawi	Quasi-experimental, intervention and control group	1225 adolescent girls, 13–22 years old (mean <18)	Cash transfers paid to households over 10 months, split between caregiver and child, conditional on school attendance record, and secondary school fees paid to schools upon confirmation of enrolment.	school attendance, early marriage	Increased school enrolment, reduced early marriage, pregnancy, sexual activitity, risky sexual behaviour.
2009, 2010, 2012	Ssewamala et al 2009; 2010; 2012	Uganda	Randomised control trial	2009: 267; 2010: 260, 2012: 286. Mean age 13.71.	Intervention group received usual care for orphaned childrne (counselling and education supplies) plus a comprehensive microfinance intervention consisting of matched savings accounts, financial management classes and an adult mentor for children. Duration between 10 and 12 months.	Depression, self-esteem	Reduced depression, higher self-esteem
2013	Robertson et al., 2013	Zimbabwe	Cluster randomized control trial	5172 children aged 6–12y in 4043 households	Comparison of conditional and unconditional cash transfers delivered at household level over 12 months. UC and CC groups received same cash amounts, but CC group had to comply with various conditions, including applying for a birth certificate, vaccinations, attending parenting classes and others.	School attendance for 6–12 year olds and other non-relevant outcomes	Increased school attendance
2016	Ssewamala et al., (2015)	Southern Uganda	Quasi-experimental design (schools randomised, not individuals)	317 AIDS-orphaned adolescents	An further study of the Suubi Maka intervention focused on matched savings for promoting monetary savings for educational opportunities for children, financial management workshops and family level income generating projects, and providing mentors to children (one mentorship meeting per month for the 12-month intervention period), and an additional 10 workshops about starting family-based income generating activities.	Hopelessness and self concept	Lower levels of hopelessness, higher self-concept.
Physical health
2008	Hernandez-Reif et al., 2008	Dominican Republic	Randomized control trial	52 HIV infected children, data for 48 children reported, 2–8y.	Bi-weekly massage sessions or group play sessions, 12 weeks.	Internalizing and externalizing problems, self-help age, social age.	Children under 6y no differences between group but positive results for internalising and self help for children over 6y, negative for social development.