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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Child Abuse Negl. 2017 Jul 27;72:54–65. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.07.009

Table 1.

Risks Identified in Birth Record By Maternal Nativity and Ethnic Origin

Risks
Low Birthweight No Prenatal Care in First Trimester Maternal Education:HS or less Child born to Teen Mother No paternity established Public health insurance
χ2 Test χ2 Test χ2 Test χ2 Test χ2 Test χ2 Test
Total N N % P-value N % P-value N % P-value N % P-value N % P-value N % P-value
All CA births 1,133,226 77817 6.9 191269 16.9 607941 55.4 107808 9.5 104878 9.3 553313 49
All Asian births 138,856
 U.S. born 26,425 2235 8.5 P<.001 4369 16.5 P<.001 7232 27.8 P<.001 2344 8.9 P<.001 1598 6.0 P<.001 7150 27.2 P<.001
 Foreign born 112,433 8424 7.5 14555 12.9 25134 22.8 1203 1.1 3409 3.0 26009 23.2
Filipino 31,454
 U.S. born 7,514 704 9.4 P=.144 1100 14.6 P=.675 1691 22.8 P<.001 543 7.2 P<.001 375 5.0 P=.176 1636 21.9 P=.016
 Foreign born 23,940 2111 8.8 3458 14.4 3866 16.4 420 1.8 1104 4.6 5542 23.2
Chinese 27,736
 U.S. born 3,588 265 7.4 P=.002 218 6.1 P<.001 222 6.3 P<.001 54 1.5 P<.001 75 2.1 P=.338 210 5.9 P<.001
 Foreign born 24,148 1454 6.0 2183 9.0 4307 18.2 23 0.1 567 2.3 4197 17.4
Asian Indian 18,446
 U.S. born 1,025 131 12.8 P<.001 77 7.5 P=.007 88 8.7 P<.001 25 2.4 P<.001 21 2.0 P<.001 109 10.7 P=.189
 Foreign born 17,421 1603 9.2 1759 10.1 2181 12.7 49 0.3 115 0.7 2097 12.1
Vietnamese 17,717
 U.S. born 850 78 9.2 P=.015 202 23.8 P<.001 278 33.1 P=.001 109 12.8 P<.001 98 11.5 P<.001 340 40.3 P<.001
 Foreign born 16,867 1179 7.0 2089 12.4 6402 38.7 96 0.6 684 4.1 4719 28.0
Korean 11,172
 U.S. born 977 52 5.3 P=.983 64 6.6 P=.045 89 9.2 P=.529 21 2.1 P<.001 28 2.9 P<.001 119 12.2 P<.001
 Foreign born 10,195 541 5.3 856 8.4 864 8.6 17 0.2 97 1.0 1830 18.0
Japanese 5,764
 U.S. born 2,154 170 7.9 P=.734 170 7.9 P=.010 226 10.6 P=.005 32 1.5 P<.001 58 2.7 P<.001 170 7.9 P<.001
 Foreign born 3,610 294 8.1 358 9.9 464 13.1 5 0.1 39 1.1 504 14.0
Hmong 4,352
 U.S. born 1,560 110 7.1 P=.215 560 35.9 P=.339 925 59.9 P=.003 391 25.1 P<.001 86 5.5 P<.001 1070 68.9 P=.487
 Foreign born 2,792 170 6.1 1043 37.4 1739 64.6 306 11.0 85 3.0 1885 67.8
Cambodian 3,648
 U.S. born 969 109 11.2 P=.006 329 34.0 P<.001 694 72.7 P<.001 364 37.6 P<.001 173 17.9 P<.001 748 77.5 P<.001
 Foreign born 2,679 222 8.3 546 20.4 1412 54.2 21 0.8 224 8.4 1151 43.1
Laotian 2,079
 U.S. born 501 50 10.0 P=.754 175 34.9 P<.001 353 71.6 P<.001 165 32.9 P<.001 76 15.2 P<.001 371 74.5 P<.001
 Foreign born 1,578 150 9.5 366 23.2 753 48.9 52 3.3 90 5.7 618 39.3
Thai 1,608
 U.S. born 171 9 5.3 P=.478 23 13.5 P=.216 39 23.1 P=.007 13 7.6 P<.001 11 6.4 P=.227 44 25.9 P=.003
 Foreign born 1,437 96 6.7 247 17.2 470 33.4 38 2.6 63 4.4 535 37.3
HI/Guam./Sam. 2,938
 U.S. born 2,012 150 7.5 P=.242 582 28.9 P=.003 1118 56.8 P=.023 215 10.7 P<.001 277 13.8 P=.663 914 45.7 P=.001
 Foreign born 926 58 6.3 319 34.4 548 61.3 48 5.2 122 13.2 485 52.5
Pacific Islander 3,032
 U.S. born 1,265 84 6.6 P=.183 357 28.2 P=.059 676 55.2 P=.008 155 12.3 P<.001 131 10.4 P<.001 560 44.6 P=.785
 Foreign born 1,767 140 7.9 555 31.4 851 50.3 62 3.5 107 6.1 794 45.1