Table 1.

Sample descriptive statistics

Characteristics	ED Enrolled (n=20)	PIER1, 7-days (n=7)	PIER1, 14-days (n=5)	PIER1, 21-days (n=3)	PIER1, 28-days (n=2)
Age, mean (SD)	22 (1.8)	32.7 (11)	38.4 (8.0)	49.3 (8.1)	31 (11.3)
Age, range	21–56	22–56	29–49	40–55	23–39
Female, n (%)	11 (55%)	5 (71.4%)	4 (80%)	0	1 (50%)
Race, n(%)
White/Caucasian	15 (75%)	6 (85.7%)	3 (60%)	2 (66.7%)	2 (100%)
African American	2 (10%)	0	1 (20%)	0	0
Other	3 (15%)	1 (14.4%)	1 (20%)	1 (33.3%)	0
Hispanic ethnicity, n (%)	0
Education
Did not complete high school	2 (10%)	1 (14.3%)	0	0	1 (50%)
High school graduate or GED	9 (45%)	4 (57.1%)	1 (20%)	1 (33%)	0
Some college	6 (30%)	2 (28.6%)	1 (20%)	2 (66.7%)	1 (50%)
Post-graduate degree	2 (10%)	0	2 (40%)	0	0
Vocational	3 (15%)	0	1 (20%)	0	0
Occupation
Stay-at-home parent	2 (10%)	1 (14.3)	1 (20%)	0	0
Labor	8 (40%)	2 (28.6%)	2 (40%)	2 (66.7%)	0
None	10 (50%)	4 (57.1%)	2 (40%)	1 (33.3%)	2 (100%)
Past treatment for substance use
Never, n(%)	2 (10%)	1 (16.7%)	0	0	1 (50%)
Median (IQR)	3 (1–4)	2 (1–4)	5 (2–6)	3 (2–3)	4 (0–8)
Opioid Use Dependence (RODS score=7)	12 (60%)	4 (57.1%)	4 (80%)	1 (33.3%)	1 (50%)
Opioid use
Prescriptions	14 (70%)	4 (57.1%)	4 (80%)	3 (100%)	2 (100%)
Heroin	18 (90%)	7 (100%)	5 (100%)	1 (33.3%)	2 (100%)
Other drug use, n (%)
At least daily tobacco	14 (70%)	5 (71.4)	5 (100%)	1 (33.3%)	2 (100%)
Any cannabis	10 (50%)	5 (73.4%)	1 (20%)	1 (33.3%)	1 (50%)
Any cocaine	11 (55%)	5 (73.4%)	3 (60%)	1 (33.3%)	1 (50%)
Any stimulants	7 (35%)	3 (42.0%)	2 (40%)	0	1 (50%)
Any sedatives	13 (65%)	5 (73.4%)	1 (20%)	2 (66.7%)	1 (50%)
Stage of Change, Median (IQR) scores
Recognition	27 (24–28)	28 (21–28)	25 (24–28)	27 (23–28)	26.5 (26–27)
Ambivalence	12 (10–13)	12 (10–15)	11 (8–12)	13 (11–14)	11 (7–15)
Taking Steps	26 (21–18)	24 (20–27)	26 (24–28)	26 (13–29)	22 (16–28)