Table 2.
Odds of HIV-Prevention Service Coverage, Knowledge, and Behavior by Anti-gay and Anti-Immigrant Structural Stigma in Sending and Receiving Countries among MSM Migrants in Europea, b
| Inadequate HIV service coverage
|
Lack of HIV transmission knowledge
|
No HIV test result (12 mo.)
|
Condoms never/seldom (non-steady 12-mo. partners)
|
No disclosure of sexuality when testing
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
n = 22,270
|
n = 22,263
|
n = 20,651
|
n = 14,284
|
n = 17,687
|
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| aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | |
| Model 1 | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Anti-gay stigma (receiving country) | 1.19*** | 1.14, 1.24 | 1.02 | .98, 1.06 | 1.02 | .98, 1.06 | 1.19*** | 1.10, 1.28 | 1.42*** | 1.35, 1.49 |
| Anti-immigrant stigma (receiving country) | .84*** | .78, .90 | .99 | .93, 1.05 | 1.06 | .99, 1.12 | 1.26*** | 1.12, 1.43 | .72*** | .67, .78 |
| Anti-gay stigma (sending country) | 1.06*** | 1.03, 1.08 | 1.06*** | 1.04, 1.08 | 1.01 | .99, 1.03 | 1.01 | .97, 1.05 | 1.06** | 1.03, 1.08 |
| Linguistic minority | 1.11* | 1.02, 1.20 | 1.12** | 1.04, 1.20 | 1.19*** | 1.11, 1.28 | .98 | .84, 1.15 | 1.23*** | 1.13, 1.35 |
| Duration of residence (receiving country) | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.01 | 1.004* | 1.001,1.007 | 1.01*** | 1.01, 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.00, 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.01 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Model 2c | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Anti-immigrant stigma (receiving country) * Anti-gay stigma (receiving country) | 1.06 | .99, 1.13 | 1.03 | .97, 1.10 | .92** | .87, .98 | .92 | .80, 1.05 | 1.18*** | 1.09, 1.28 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Model 3c | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Anti-gay stigma (receiving country) * Anti-gay stigma (sending country) | 1.00 | .99, 1.02 | 1.00 | .98, 1.02 | .99 | .97, 1.01 | 1.04** | 1.01, 1.08 | 1.03* | 1.004, 1.05 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Model 4c | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Anti-immigrant stigma (receiving country) * Linguistic minority | 1.31*** | 1.17,1.48 | .94 | .85, 1.04 | .90 | .81, 1.00 | .70*** | .56, .87 | 1.45*** | 1.29, 1.64 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Model 5c | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Duration of residence * Anti-gay stigma (receiving country) | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 | 1.002 | 1.00, 1.01 | 1.003* | 1.001, 1.01 | 1.00 | .99, 1.00 | 1.004 | 1.00, 1.01 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Model 6c | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Duration of residence * Anti-immigrant stigma (receiving country) | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.01 | 1.01* | 1.001, 1.01 | 1.005* | 1.001, 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.00, 1.01 | 1.00 | .99, 1.00 |
*
p ≤ .05,
**
p ≤ .01,
***
p ≤ .001;
a
All models adjusted for age, relationship status, employment status, education, settlement size, HIV status, Gini index of sending and receiving country.
b
All continuous predictors were grand-mean centered; binary predictors were scored 0/1.
c
Models 2–6 also adjusted for all Model 1 predictors.