. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017 Oct 11;41(11):1917–1927. doi: 10.1111/acer.13495

Table 3. Comparison of cardiac defects at ED 8 (HH Stage 34) for Control, Ethanol-exposed, and Ethanol+Betaine supplemented embryos.

A mixture of 5 μM of betaine in 50% ethanol/PBS was administered in in one 40 μl injection/egg at gastrulation.

	Control (C)	Ethanol (E)	Ethanol+Betaine (E+B)	Fisher’s P-value comp. C, E, E+B	Fisher’s P-value comp. E vs. E+B
Embryo Number	43	11	36
Normal heart	42 (98%)	3 (27%)	32 (89%) ^**	4.396×10⁻⁷^**	0.0001927^**
Missing great vessel	0 (0%)	5 (45%)	2 (6%) ^**	4.389×10⁻⁵^**	0.004898^**
Abnormal valve morphology	0 (0%)	3 (27%)	0 (0%) ^**	0.001404^**	0.01018^*
Hypertrophic right ventricle	0 (0%)	2 (18%)	1 (3%)^*	0.01826^*	0.1323
Ventricular septal defects	0 (0%)	2 (18%)	0 (0%)^*	0.01373^*	0.05088^*
Abnormal rotation of ventricle	1 (2%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1	1
Misaligned aorta	0 (0%)	1 (9%)	0 (0%)	0.1222	0.234
Collateral artery	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (3%)	0.5222	1

^**

Ethanol compared to Ethanol+Betaine p-value ≤ 0.005

Ethanol compared to Ethanol+Betaine p-value ≤ 0.05

Fisher’s Exact Test with B=Bonferroni corrected q-critical value 0.05/8=0.00625 (pairwise comparison)