Table 1.
Characteristics of the population and associations with internalized, anticipated, and enacted stigma among 1180 Ethiopian adults at ART initiation, 2012–2013
| Internalized stigma | Anticipated stigma | Enacted stigma | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| N (%) | Mean (SD) | p-value | Overall concern score, mean (SD) (0–100%) | p-value | % Yes | p-value | ||
| Overall | 1.55 (0.57) | . | 26.9 (22.6) | . | 16.3 | . | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Gender | Male | 458 (38.8 %) | 1.57 | 0.169 | 27.5 | 0.498 | 17.4 | 0.451 |
| Female | 722 (61.2) | 1.53 | 26.5 | 15.7 | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Age | 18–29 | 374 (31.7) | 1.49 | 0.253 | 25.4 | 0.111 | 15.3 | 0.610 |
| 30–49 | 720 (61.0) | 1.58 | 28.1 | 17.2 | ||||
| >=50 | 86 (7.3) | 1.58 | 23.7 | 14.0 | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Current religion | Ethopian Orthodox | 824 (70.4) | 1.53 | 0.878 | 27.7 | 0.036 | 15.5 | 0.556 |
| Protestant | 239 (20.4) | 1.58 | 24.1 | 17.7 | ||||
| Moslem | 108 (9.2) | 1.59 | 28.5 | 18.5 | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Highest level of school completed | None | 374 (31.8) | 1.56 | 0.549 | 26.8 | 0.646 | 14.4 | 0.037 |
| Any primary | 473 (40.2) | 1.57 | 27.0 | 20.3 | ||||
| Any secondary | 237 (20.0) | 1.52 | 28.3 | 13.7 | ||||
| Any tertiary | 82 (7.0) | 1.50 | 24.3 | 9.9 | ||||
| Vocational or other | 11 (0.01) | 1.50 | 19.4 | 18.2 | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Currrently in a relationship | Yes | 673 (57.0) | 1.52 | 0.133 | 24.7 | <0.001 | 15.2 | 0.233 |
| No | 507 (43.0) | 1.59 | 29.8 | 17.8 | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Ever widowed | Yes | 293 (25.9) | 1.53 | 0.472 | 26.7 | 0.888 | 17.1 | 0.488 |
| No | 839 (74.1) | 1.56 | 26.5 | 15.4 | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Working for cash/other payment | Cash | 780 (66.2) | 1.57 | 0.088 | 29.5 | <0.001 | 16.5 | 0.648 |
| Cash & in-kind | 97 (8.2) | 1.51 | 12.4 | 19.6 | ||||
| In-kind | 27 (2.3) | 1.70 | 22.4 | 18.5 | ||||
| Not working for cash or in-kind | 274 (23.3) | 1.50 | 25.0 | 14.3 | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Residence | Rural | 259 (22.0) | 1.61 | 0.118 | 26.0 | 0.358 | 17.1 | 0.707 |
| Urban | 920 (78.0) | 1.53 | 27.1 | 16.1 | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| How often did HH have trouble satisfying food needs in last year | Never | 422 (35.9) | 1.43 | <0.001 | 18.7 | <0.001 | 13.3 | 0.002 |
| Seldom | 157 (13.4) | 1.57 | 23.5 | 18.5 | ||||
| Sometimes | 345 (29.3) | 1.57 | 34.1 | 13.5 | ||||
| Often | 240 (20.4) | 1.71 | 33.0 | 23.3 | ||||
| Always | 12 (1.0) | 1.93 | 27.0 | 33.3 | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Time since diagnosis | < 3 months | 473 (40.1) | 1.61 | 0.002 | 26.9 | 0.181 | 11.9 | 0.002 |
| 3–12 months | 165 (14.0) | 1.58 | 29.6 | 21.8 | ||||
| > 12 months | 542 (45.9) | 1.49 | 26.0 | 18.5 | ||||
*
statistically significant (p<0.05) tests in bold (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis tests for internalized and anticipated stigma; chi-squared tests for enacted stigma)