Table 1.

Comprehensive overview of carbon-based anode materials in LIBs

Electrode	Reversible capacity (mAh g−1)	Discharge rate (mA g−1 or C)	Loading density	Reference
HsGDY	1050	100	0.1–0.11 mg cm−2(1.43 g cm−3)	This work
HsGDY	700	1000	0.1–0.11 mg cm−2 (1.43 g cm−3)	This work
NG	360	15	—	ref. 44
CNT	200	400	0.025 mg cm−2	ref. 45
Graphene	460	1 C	—	ref. 46
N-graphene	872	50	20.8–24.2 mg cm−3	ref. 47
B-graphene	700	500	20.8–24.2 mg cm−3	ref. 47
N-CNF	1280	100	—	ref. 48
N-CNT	516	200	0.796 mg cm−2	ref. 49
PAA	995 (1st cycle)	100	—	ref. 50
CLP	619	100	—	ref. 51
MCOF	74	2.4 C	0.69 mg cm−2	ref. 52

B-graphene B-doped graphene, CLP conjugated ladder polymers, CNT carbon nanotube, MCOF mesoporous covalent organic framework, N-CNF N-doped porous carbon nanofiber, N-CNT N-doped core-sheath carbon nanotube, NG natural graphite, N-graphene N-doped graphene, PAA polyazaacene analog