Table 2.
Many publications have reported that the sonoporation and effects of microbubble-mediated ultrasound cavitation facilitate perforation, membrane blebbing and drug/gene delivery in various sizes of membrane structures including exosomes.
| Ultrasound parameter | Microbubbles | Model | Bioeffects | PMID | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transducer/System | Acoustic pressure (Mpa) | Pulse frequency (MHz) | Exposure time | Name | Concentration (bubbles/ml) | Size (μm) | |||
| Sonopore 4000 | 0.12 | 0.834 | 50 ms | Sonazoid | 0.6 × 109 ± 5% | 2.6 | Human lymphoma cells (U937) | Overstretched cell membrane causes reparable submicron pore formation | 26941839 |
| Single-element unfocused piston transducer | 0.45 | 1 | Perfluoropropane (C3F8) gas | 1 × 108 | 1–5 | Human breast carcinoma cells (CCL-1504) | Membrane blebbing would help sonoporated cells restore homeostasis | 25694544 | |
| Singleelement piston transducer | 0.45 | 1 | 60 min | Lipid-shelled | 1 × 108 | 2–4 | Human breast carcinoma cells (CCL-1504) | Sonoporation as an emerging membrane perforation technique/organization of the actin cytoskeleton is concomitantly perturbed | 24671936 |
| A dual-frequency transducer assembly | 1.4 | 7.44 | 40 μs | Laser induced microbubbles | _ | 3–15 | Xenopus oocytes | A combined approach synchronized manipulation, imaging, and measurement of cavitation of single bubbles and the resulting cell membrane disruption in real-time. | 21945682 |
| _ | 0.05–3.5 | 0.5–5.0 | 0.1 - 900 s | Definity | 1.2 × 106 | 1–8 | Murine fibrosarcoma cell line KHT-C cells | Acoustic exposure parameters on cell membrane permeability and cell | 19110370 |
| _ | 0.05–3.5 | 1.075 | 0.2 s | Definity | 6 × 103 | 1–8 | Xenopus laevis oocytes | Pore size obtained from the TMC measured using the voltage clamp technique | 19647924 |
| Sonos 5500 | _ | 3.6 | 10 s | SonoVue | 2 × 108 | 2.5 | H9c2 rat cardiomyoblast cells | Transient permeabilization of cell membranes by ultrasound-exposed microbubbles | 16632548 |
| Sofranel | 150 | 1 | _ | SonoVue | 2 × 108 | 1–12 | Mammary breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 | Cell electrophysiological properties is a necessary toward understanding mechanisms of cell membrane permeabilization | 17189059 |
| Co-linear array | 0.2 | 1.4 | 2 min | Lipid-biotinylatedr | 108–1010 | 1–10 | Mouse thigh muscle model | Local microbubble-enhanced sonoporation of plasmid DNA. With the aim of optimizing delivery efficiency | 26682505 |
| Nexus | 100 mW/cm2 | 0.0465 | 12 h | Sonovue | 2–5 × 108 | 2.5 | Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) | Enhance the bactericidal effect and cause partial destruction of the bacterial cell wall | 24977141 |
| RFG1000 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 90 s | Lipid-shelled | 2–5 × 109 | 0.6–18 | Human embryonic kidney 293T cells/Rats | Enhancing Gene Delivery | 24650644 |
| Single element planar transducer | 0.4–1.6 a | 1.25 | 8 μs–10 ms | Targestar™-SA | 1 × 109 | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) | Improve sonoporation gene transfection and delivery | 23770009 | |
| Imasonic | 0.88 | 1.5 | 30s | Sonovue | 2 × 108 | 2.5 | ATCC C6 rat glioma cells | Ultrasound-Mediated drug delivery | 22707046 |
| Single planar circular transducer | 0.24 | 1.25 | _ | Definity | 1 × 106 | 1.1–3.3 | bEnd.3 cells/immortalized mouse cell line | Generate immediate [Ca2+]i changes in brain microvascular endothelial cells | 20620704 |
| _ | 0.05–3.5 | 0.5–5.0 | 0.1–900 s | Definity | 1.2 × 106 | 1–8 | Murine fibrosarcoma cell line KHT-C cells | Acoustic exposure parameters on cell membrane permeability and cell | 19110370 |
| V303 | 0.1–0.5 | 1 | 30 s | Sonovue | 2 × 108 | 2.5 | H9c2 rat cardiomyoblast cells | Local hyperpolarization of the cell membrane via activation of BKCa channels | 17993242 |
| Panametrics | 0.4 | 1 | 5 s | BR14 | 5 × 108 | 1–2 | Bovine endothelial cell (ATCC) | Drug transfer into cells via sonoporation | 16556469 |
| Air-backed transducer | 0.402–0.507 | 1.15 | 10 s−2 min | Bracco | 25–30 particles/cell | Rat mammary carcinoma cells (MAT B III) | Direct transfer of 37 nm macromolecules into the cytoplasm | 15866347 | |
| A circular planar | 0.6 | 0.96–1.2 | 0.5 s | Albumin-shelled (C3F8) gas | 3.2 | Xenopus oocyte | Ca2+ entering the cell through US-induced pores | 15121254 | |
| Panametrics | 0.9 | 1 | 30 times | Sonovue | 2 × 108 | 1–12 | Pig aortic endothelial cell | Camera makes it possible to reveal the mechanisms of interactions between ultrasound, microbubbles and cells | 15550330 |
| _ | 2.5 W/cm2 | 1 | 30 s | Optison | _ | _ | Human skeletal muscle cells | Ultrasound: enhancement of transfection efficiency of naked plasmid DNA in skeletal muscle | 11960313 |