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. 2017 Oct 27;7:14281. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14634-z

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Cigarette and e-cigarette smoke extracts attenuate MSC differentiation. (a) MSCs were induced into osteogenic differentiation by treatment with 50 nM Dex for 14 days. ALP activity was then assessed using a chromogenic ALP assay where purple staining indicates ALP activity. The light microscopy images are representative of 3 independent experiments. (b) MSCs were simultaneously treated with 50 nM Dex for osteogenic differentiation and cigarette or e-cigarette smoke extracts for 14 days. Expression of osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], collagen 1 [Col 1] and Runt-related transcription factor 2 [Runx2]) was then assessed using qRT-PCR. Histograms display data normalized against GAPDH and show fold changes relative to control. Results are displayed as averages ± SD of 3 independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001.