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. 2017 Oct 27;7:14281. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14634-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cigarette and e-cigarette smoke extracts block progress towards terminal osteogenic differentiation. MSCs were treated with cigarette and e-cigarette smoke extracts in the presence or absence of DAG for 21 days. (a) Cell morphology was observed under the light microscope. Mineral deposition in the plates is evident as black spots. (b) MSCs were stained with Alizarin Red S stain and observed under the light microscope. Orange staining indicates mineralized calcium deposits. Images are representative of 3 independent experiments.