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. 2017 Oct 27;7:14185. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13793-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Concept and instrumentation of the dual biomembrane force probe (dBFP). (A) Schematic of a spatial crosstalk dual receptor system. Ligands 1 and 2 are presented by the respective Probes 1 and 2 to the cell at spatially separate locations. The signal initiated upon binding of Receptor 1 at one location travels a distance to activate Receptor 2 at another location. (B) Schematic of a temporal crosstalk dual receptor system. Ligands 1 and 2 are presented by the respective Probes 1 and 2 to the cell at temporally separate times. The signal initiated upon the binding of Receptor 1 upregulates Receptor 2, which remains upregulated after a period. (C–E) Images of the hardware system, consisting of two micropipettes (LP1, LP2) on the left side (C and D), the reaction chamber (C–E) and the other two micropipettes (RP1, RP2) on the right side (D and E).