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. 2017 Oct 27;7:14241. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14468-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Modeled change dC/C (colour code) created by a change in velocity (y-axis) in: Left: a layer extending from the surface down to a depth D (x axis) or Right: a 5 meter-thick layer located at different depths. The reference model is based on Krüger³². The white or black dashed lines show chosen dC/C isolines (in %) and the orange line indicates dC/C at + 0.01%. The white stars on the right plot indicate example values of required P-wave velocity changes to induce an observed + 0.01% dC/C.