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. 2017 Oct 23;8:1325. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01325

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Copyright © 2017 Oghumu, Casto, Ahn-Jarvis, Weghorst, Maloney, Geuy, Horvath, Bollinger, Warner, Summersgill, Weghorst and Knobloch.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A–E) Histopathological analysis of tongue tissues from untreated and treated carcinogen-induced rats. Distribution of the histopathological grades (normal, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and SCC) in tongue epithelia of (A) sentinel rats, (B) 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO)-induced rats fed control diet, (C) 4NQO-induced rats fed diet supplemented with 5% black raspberry (BRB), (D) 4NQO-induced rats fed diet supplemented with 10% BRB, and (E) 4NQO-induced rats fed diet supplemented with 0.4% ellagic acid (EA). Note the significantly reduced percentage of SCCs in 4NQO exposed rats treated with 5% BRB. *p-value < 0.05 for SCC incidence comparison between 4NQO-only exposed rats and 4NQO + 5% BRB rats, using independent Student’s t-test.