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. 2017 Oct 23;8:1380. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01380

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Copyright © 2017 Pallikkuth, de Armas, Rinaldi and Pahwa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The effects of aging and HIV infection on T follicular helper (Tfh):B cell responses to influenza vaccination. Persistent inflammation and immune activation of CD4 T cells and B cells negatively influence the outcome of influenza vaccine response in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected virologically suppressed individuals through impairing the Tfh and B cell functions. HIV induced premature Immunosenescence further advanced immune dysfunction which is more evident in the young HIV⁺ individuals.