Table 1.

Summary of effects of SPM on vascular cells

cell type	SPM*	Effects observed	Refs.+
EC	RvD1, MaR1, PD1, LXA4, ATL	-Decrease leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions -Up-regulate nitric oxide synthesis (eNOS, iNOS) -Down-regulate adhesion molecules (ICAM, VCAM, E-Selectin, P-Selectin) -Down-regulate inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, IL-8, PDGF-BB, RANTES) -Inhibit activation of NF-kB pathway -Inhibit formation of reactive oxygen species -Enhance endothelial cell migration	Nascimento-Silva (2006), Paul-Clark (2004), Merched (2008), Tian (2009), Zhang (2013), Chatterjee (2014), Zhang (2016), Chattopadhyay (2017), Sok (2017)
VSMC	RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, MaR1, ALT	-Attenuate migration; cytoskeletal rearrangement -Decrease proliferation -Down-regulate adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) -Down-regulate inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, TNF-α) -Inhibit activation of NF-kB pathway -Signaling through cAMP/PKA pathway	Ho (2010), Miyahara (2013), Chatterjee (2014), Akagi (2015), Hiram (2015), Petri (2015), Mottola (2017), Wu (2017),
Fibroblasts	RvE1, LXA4, benzo-LXA4, ATL	-Attenuate myofibroblast activation and proliferation	Martins (2009), Borgeson (2011), Qu (2012), Roach (2015)
Leukocytes	RvD1, RvD2, Mar1	-Decrease leukocyte infiltration in acute arterial injury, ischemia-reperfusion -Promote M1 to M2 macrophage polarization in vascular tissue -Enhanced clot phagocytosis	Duffield (2006), Keyes (2010), Serhan(2014), Miyahara (2013), Akagi (2015), Pope (2016), Wu (2017)
Platelets	RvD1, RvE1, PD1	-Inhibit platelet aggregation	Dona (2008), Chen (2009), Fredman (2011), Lannan (2017)

^*List of SPMs provided, however not every mechanism has been studied for each mediator.

⁺Lists are not comprehensive.

EC = endothelial cell

VSMC = vascular smooth muscle cell