Table 1.
Biometal | Transporters | Expression | Biological functions | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Iron | DMT1 | ↑ | Transport Fe2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ into cytosol | Zheng et al., 2009 |
Tf/TfR | ↑ | Tf/TfR is endocytosed, by which Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+ | Moos and Morgan, 2000 | |
Lf/LfR | ↑ | Lf/LfR complex facilitate Fe3+ uptake | An et al., 2009 | |
Fpn | ↓ | Mediate Fe2+, Mn2+ export out of cells | Xian-hui et al., 2015 | |
MTf | Transport Fe3+ across the BBB | Kim et al., 2001 | ||
Copper | CTR1 | Cell surface Cu+ uptake | Lang et al., 2013 | |
ATP7A | ↑ | Cellular Cu+ exporter | Zheng et al., 2010 | |
ATP7B | ↑ | Cellular Cu+ exporter | ||
Zinc | ZnT3 | ↓ | Export Zn2+ from neurons | Adlard et al., 2010 |
ZIPs | Zn2+ uptake | Greenough et al., 2011 | ||
MT1, MT2 | ↑ | Expressed in astrocytes for Zn2+ uptake | Hidalgo et al., 2006 | |
MT3 | ↓ | Expressed in neurons for Zn2+ uptake | ||
Manganese | ZIP8,ZIP14 | Mn2+ influx into the cytosol | Bekerydemir et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2017 | |
DAT | Mn2+ influx into the cytosol | Chen et al., 2006 | ||
ATP13A2 | ↓ | Transport Mn2+ into the lysosomes | Murphy et al., 2013 | |
SLC30A10 | ↓ | Mediate efflux of Mn2+ | Tuschl et al., 2016 | |
SPCA1 | Transport Mn2+ into the Golgi | Ton et al., 2002 | ||
Magnesium | MagT1 | Mediate Mg2+ influx | Goytain and Quamme, 2005 | |
TRPM6/TRPM7 | ↑ | Mg2+ entry channel | Sun et al., 2015 | |
SLC41A1 | Mediate Na+-dependent Mg2+ extrusion | Kolisek et al., 2012 | ||
Calcium | VGCC | Control Ca2+ influx under electrical activity | Thibault et al., 2007 | |
Na+/Ca2+ exchanger | Extrude Ca2+ from the cytoplasm in exchange for Na+ entry | Wu M.P. et al., 2008 | ||
NMDAR | ↑ | Mediate Ca2+ influx | Birnbaum et al., 2015 | |
AMPAR | ↑ | Mediate Ca2+ influx | Whitehead et al., 2017 | |
P2X7R | ↑ | Mediate Ca2+ influx | Lee et al., 2011 |