Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants by Mindfulness Levels (n = 86)
| Variable | Lower Mindfulness (n = 23) | Medium Mindfulness (n = 26) | Higher Mindfulness (n = 27) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 63.1 (10.5) | 57.4 (9.5) | 60.5 (10.8) | 0.11 | |
|
| |||||
| BMI | 29.9 (6.3) | 33.0 (6.3) | 35.3 (7.4) | 0.01 | |
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| Sex, n (%) | Female | 19 (65.5%) | 20 (71.4%) | 25 (86.2%) | 0.18 |
| Male | 10 (34.5%) | 8 (28.6%) | 4 (13.8%) | ||
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| Pain duration, years | 11.2 (16.0) | 8.2 (8.4) | 11.5 (15.1) | 0.61 | |
|
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| Kellgren | 0-1 | 2 (7.1%) | 5 (17.9%) | 1 (3.6%) | 0.38 |
| Lawrence | 2 | 10 (35.7) | 9 (32.1%) | 12 (42.9%) | |
| Grade†, n (%) | 3 | 14 (50.0%) | 11 (39.3%) | 9 (32.1%) | |
| 4 | 2 (7.1%) | 3 (10.7%) | 6 (21.4%) | ||
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| Race, n (%) | White | 11 (37.9%) | 14 (50.0%) | 16 (55.2%) | 0.37 |
| Black | 11 (37.9%) | 8 (28.6%) | 11 (37.9%) | ||
| Other | 7 (24.1%) | 6 (21.4%) | 2 (6.9%) | ||
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| Education†, n (%) | High school | 7 (24.1%) | 3 (10.7%) | 3 (10.3%) | 0.38 |
| Some College | 9 (31.0%) | 11 (39.3%) | 12 (41.4%) | ||
| College Grad | 5 (17.2%) | 9 (32.1%) | 4 (13.8%) | ||
| Graduate School | 8 (27.6%) | 5 (17.9%) | 10 (34.5%) | ||
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| Intervention, n (%) | Tai Chi | 17 (58.6%) | 13 (46.4%) | 16 (55.2%) | 0.64 |
| Physical Therapy | 12 (41.4%) | 15 (53.6%) | 13 (44.8%) | ||
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| Total Mindfulness [min: max:] | 124 (8.4) | 141 (3.6) | 161 (9.5) | <0.0001 | |
| FFMQ Score Range, 39–195 | |||||
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|
WOMAC Pain* Score Range, 0–500mm |
289.0 (111.6) | 253.7 (93.1) | 253.8 (95.7) | 0.31 | |
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|
WOMAC Function* Score Range, 0-1700mm |
946.4 (387.2) | 930.8 (335.1) | 921.1 (360.6) | 0.96 | |
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|
Patient Global Assessment* Score Range, 0–10cm |
5.2 (2.2) | 5.1 (2.0) | 5.1 (2.2) | 0.98 | |
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|
Perceived Stress Score Range, 0–40 |
17.03(6.72) | 13.43(5.93) | 8.97(5.17) | <0.0001 | |
|
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|
Self-Efficacy
Score Range, 0-10 |
5.73(1.84) | 5.85(2.21) | 7.35(1.62) | 0.002 | |
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| 6-Minute Walk Test meters | 381.47(94.47) | 399.90(94.75) | 408.94(85.06) | 0.52 | |
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|
SF MCS
Score Range, 0–100 |
47.11(10.30) | 54.43(6.55) | 56.85(6.54) | <0.0001 | |
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|
SF PCS
Score Range, 0–100 |
33.34(7.43) | 35.60(10.11) | 40.34(8.45) | 0.01 | |
|
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|
Beck Depression
Score Range, 0–63 |
12.76(11.28) | 6.32(6.26) | 3.71(4.21) | 0.0001 | |
All values are mean (SD), unless otherwise stated. FFMQ = Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, higher scores = higher mindfulness; SF = Short Form-36; MCS = Mental Component Summary; PCS = Physical Component Summary.
*
Higher scores = more pain, worse function, or more global disease.
†
Fisher’s exact tests were used in place of chi-square tests due to small sample sizes in some sub-groups.