Table 1.

Examples of pathogen–pathogen interactions in various plants and pathogen species.

Pathogen species	Host	Co-infection type	Interaction type	Reference
Pseudomonas syringae/Alternaria brassicicola	Arabidopsis	Synchronous	Synergistic	Spoel et al., 2007
Fusarium oxysporum/Pseudomonas fluorescens	Wheat	Synchronous	Synergistic	Notz et al., 2002
Fusarium oxysporum(Fo47)/Fusarium oxysporum(Fol8)	Tomato	Asynchronous	Antagonistic	Aime et al., 2013
Pseudomonas putida/Botrytis cinerea	Field bean	Synchronous	Antagonistic	Ongena et al., 2005
Leptosphaeria maculans/Leptosphaeria biglobosa	Oilseed rape	Asynchronous	Coexistence	Toscano-Underwood et al., 2003
Zymoseptoria tritici/Blumeria graminis tritici	Wheat	Synchronous/asynchronous	Antagonistic	Orton and Brown, 2016
Fusarium verticillioides/Ustilago maydis	Maize	Synchronous	Antagonistic	Jonkers et al., 2012
Fusarium graminearum/Phoma sp.	Finger millet	Synchronous	Antagonistic	Mousa et al., 2015
Fusarium oxysporum/Pseudomonas fluorescens	Tomato	Synchronous	Synergistic	Kamilova et al., 2008
Rhizopus microspores/Burkholderia sp.	Rice	Synchronous	Symbiosis	Partida-Martinez and Hertweck, 2005
Rice yellow mottle virus/Xanthomonas oryzae	Rice	Synchronous/asynchronous	Synergistic	Tollenaere et al., 2017