Figure 5.

Cytotoxicity is mediated by direct cell-to-cell contact, with BPH-1236 increasing the adhesion between activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. (A) The Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were directly co-cultured with LX-2 cells or by using a Transwell system (at right). Specific lysis of LX-2 cells was recorded. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of three replicates from a representative experiment of three independent experiments. **P < 0.01. (B) A schematic diagram for the atomic force microscopy-based single-cell force spectroscopy (AFM-SCFS) assay setup. Cell-Tak = cell adhesive. (C) Adhesion atomic forces between individual Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and LX-2 cells treated with or without BPH-1236 (5 µM), measured by AFM. All data points are from five independent Vγ9Vδ2 T cell/LX-2 cell pairs for each condition that were collected on the same day. Each group contains at least 50 data points from five pairs of cells with 10 cycles. ***P < 0.001.