Table 4. Summary and comparison of microbiota characterized in the present study with those identified from fecal samples in previous studies.

	Taxons	Mean (%)		Fold change	p-value	Literatures
		Control	ASD
Phylum	Proteobacteria	49.12	35.30	↓ 0.72	0.01**	↓ [19]; ↑ [13]
	Firmicutes	24.96	33.07	↑ 1.33	0.03*	↓ [13]; ↑ [15]
	Actinobacteria	10.91	11.74	↑ 1.08	0.56	↓ [13]
	Bacteroidetes	5.85	8.62	↑ 1.47	0.11	↑ [13]; ↓ [15]; ↓ [19]
	Verrucomicrobia	0.58	2.37	↑ 4.12	0.02*	↓ [19]
Class	Betaproteobacteria	10.09	6.26	↓ 0.62	0.10	↑ [15]
Order	Clostridiales	11.59	15.38	↑ 1.33	0.18	↑ [15]
Family	Ruminococcaceae	5.46	6.11	↑ 1.12	0.68	↑ [15]
	Lachnospiraceae	3.12	2.57	↓ 0.82	0.54	↑ [15]
	Corynebacterium	2.60	3.38	↑ 1.3	0.34	↑ [11]
	Alcaligenaceae	2.53	0.12	↓ 0.05	0.00**	↑ [16]
	Pseudomonas	7.48	5.10	↓ 0.68	0.03*	↑ [21]
	Lactobacillus	2.56	5.45	↑ 2.13	0.08	↑ [18]; ↑ [11]
	Bacteroides	2.48	2.93	↑ 1.18	0.65	↑ [13]; ↑ [21]
	Staphylococcus	2.23	2.57	↑ 1.15	0.66	↓ [21]
	Faecalibacterium	2.14	2.05	↓ 0.96	0.90	↑ [20]
	Bifidobacterium	1.90	0.80	↓ 0.42	0.06	↓ [13]; ↓ [18]; ↓ [21]; ↓ [17]
	Streptococcus	1.58	4.77	↑ 3.03	0.02*	↓ [13]; ↓ [21]
	Akkermansia	0.52	2.35	↑ 4.52	0.02*	↓ [19]; ↓ [17]
	Blautia	0.47	0.28	↓ 0.59	0.38	↓ [20]
	Enterococcus	0.40	0.78	↑ 1.92	0.06	↑ [21]; ↓ [18]
	Collinsella	0.37	0.11	↓ 0.29	0.16	↓ [13]; ↑ [11]
	Veillonella	0.37	0.50	↑ 1.34	0.43	↓ [11]
	Lactococcus	0.35	0.11	↓ 0.3	0.16	↓ [13]; ↓ [21]
	[Ruminococcus]	0.34	0.15	↓ 0.45	0.16	↓ [13]
	Coprococcus	0.28	0.27	↓ 0.94	0.90	↓ [19]
	Leuconostoc	0.27	0.01	↓ 0.02	0.14	↓ [13]
	Dialister	0.23	1.39	↑ 6.16	0.18	↓ [13]; ↓ [11]
	Parabacteroides	0.21	0.18	↓ 0.83	0.76	↓ [11]; ↑ [13]
	Weissella	0.21	0.07	↓ 0.31	0.33	↓ [13]
	Turicibacter	0.19	0.02	↓ 0.12	0.07	↓ [13]
	Dorea	0.17	0.10	↓ 0.6	0.44	↑ [11]
	Clostridium	0.11	0.31	↑ 2.72	0.09	↑ [21]; ↓ [13]
	[Prevotella]	0.09	0.12	↑ 1.34	0.74	↑ [21]; ↓ [19]
	Desulfovibrio	0.04	0.48	↑ 10.88	0.00**	↑ [13]; ↓ [19]
	Genus	0.03	0.37	↑ 11.53	0.08	↑ [21]

The microbiota whose percent composition were significantly different in ASD subjects as characterized in the present study were compared with those identified from fecal samples in previous studies. ↑ and ↓ denote an increase and decrease in the percent composition, respectively. * and ** denote significant differences between the indicated groups at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively (Student's t-test).