Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the Jackson Heart Study participants by quartile of endothelin-1 (n=5200)
| Characteristic | Quartile of Endothelin-1 (Range) | P Value for Trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1: 0.1–1.0 pg/ml, n=1680 | Quartile 2: 1.1–1.3 pg/ml, n=1305 | Quartile 3: 1.4–1.6 pg/ml, n=979 | Quartile 4: 1.7–9.6 pg/ml, n=1236 | ||
| Age, yr | 52.7 (12.5) | 55.0 (12.9) | 56.4 (12.9) | 58.6 (12.4) | <0.001 |
| Men, % | 32.6 (547) | 38.1 (497) | 38.9 (381) | 39.2 (485) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.2 (6.5) | 31.5 (7.1) | 32.2 (7.7) | 32.4 (7.8) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, % | 8.2 (137) | 11.0 (143) | 15.8 (153) | 20.4 (249) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 123.5 (16.6) | 127.1 (18.7) | 128.5 (18.7) | 130.5 (19.5) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 53.5 (899) | 59.3 (773) | 64.8 (634) | 71.9 (886) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medication use, % | 53.8 (723) | 59.4 (625) | 64.1 (513) | 71.9 (746) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 6.0 (1.4) | 5.9 (1.2) | 6.0 (1.2) | 6.1 (1.4) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes, % | 20.6 (346) | 19.8 (258) | 23.3 (228) | 24.2 (299) | 0.006 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 197.3 (38.9) | 200.6 (39.8) | 199.1 (39.4) | 200.9 (42.6) | 0.04 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 52.5 (14.3) | 51.1 (14.3) | 51.7 (14.9) | 51.6 (15.2) | 0.17 |
| History of CVD, % | 7.7 (129) | 10.0 (131) | 11.0 (108) | 15.3 (189) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dl | 0.46 (0.73) | 0.48 (0.72) | 0.50 (0.66) | 0.64 (1.32) | <0.001 |
| Hematocrit, % | 39.0 (4.2) | 39.2 (4.2) | 39.6 (4.2) | 39.7 (4.5) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 97.3 (20.3) | 94.4 (21.1) | 93.2 (20.6) | 90.1 (25.2) | <0.001 |
| Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio,a mg/g, % | |||||
| <30 | 91.6 (691) | 87.9 (574) | 87.0 (428) | 79.2 (471) | |
| 30–300 | 6.9 (52) | 9.5 (62) | 10.4 (51) | 15.1 (90) | |
| >300 | 1.5 (11) | 2.6 (17) | 2.6 (13) | 5.7 (34) | <0.001 |
| Dietary protein intake, g/d | 82.0 (37.9) | 80.0 (36.8) | 80.2 (37.6) | 80.1 (37.1) | 0.21 |
| Dietary sodium intake, mg/d | 3471 (1509) | 3437 (1527) | 3397 (1521) | 3461 (1549) | 0.69 |
| Dietary acid load, mEq/d | 11.8 (21.0) | 11.2 (20.8) | 11.1 (22.8) | 9.5 (21.9) | 0.007 |
Mean (SD) for continuous variables and percentage (n) for categorical variables. CVD, cardiovascular disease.
a
Measurements for urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio were only available for 48% of the study population (2494 of 5200).