Table 2.

Examples of IEB observed in real data when using multiple variants in GRSs. BMI was inverse-normal transformed

		UK Biobank study					Meta-analysis of independent studies
Model	Samples	β	LCI	UCI	P	N	β	LCI	UCI	P	N
BMI ∼ insulin secretion GRS	All individuals	−0.004	−0.010	0.001	0.14	119 688	0.001	−0.010	0.013	0.8	30 440
	Type 2 diabetes controls	−0.010	−0.016	−0.005	5E-4	113 203	−0.008	−0.019	0.004	0.2	25 039
	Type 2 diabetes cases	−0.036	−0.065	−0.007	0.015	4003	−0.037	−0.062	−0.012	0.004	5396
	All individuals adjusted for type 2 diabetes status	−0.011	−0.017	−0.006	1E-4	117 206	−0.013	−0.021	−0.005	0.002	30 435
BMI ∼ blood pressure GRS	All individuals	−0.014	−0.020	−0.008	1E-6	119 688	−0.008	−0.020	0.004	0.2	25 059
	Normotensive controls	−0.034	−0.043	−0.026	2E-16	53 377	−0.014	−0.028	0.000	0.06	18 590
	Hypertensive cases	−0.031	−0.039	−0.024	4E-16	65 584	−0.042	−0.063	−0.021	9E-5	8267
	All individuals adjusted for hypertension status	−0.033	−0.038	−0.027	7E-31	118 961	−0.022	−0.034	−0.010	4E-4	25 049