Table 2.
Hand-to-surface exposures and hand hygiene actions
| Video | #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICU specialty | Trauma | Trauma | Trauma | Trauma | Cardio-surgery | Cardio-surgery | Cardio-surgery | General surgery | Cardio-surgery | General surgery | |
| Length of coded care sequence; min:sec | 34:50 | 34:50 | 34:50 | 36:20 | 31:17 | 32:38 | 33:31 | 16:39 | 32:19 | 16:32 | 296:30 |
| Gender | M | F | F | F | F | F | M | M | F | F | |
| Profession | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | P | N | P | |
| HSE; n | 494 | 472 | 314 | 495 | 474 | 671 | 553 | 176 | 526 | 47 | 4222 |
| HSE density; n/min | 14,2 | 13,6 | 9,0 | 13,6 | 15,2 | 20,6 | 16,5 | 10,6 | 16,3 | 2,8 | 14,2 |
| Mean HSE duration (SD); sec | 8.9 (16.0) | 6.8 (10.0) | 11.7 (17.0) | 8.1 (18.5) | 7.0 (14.9) | 5.3 (10.5) | 5.6 (11.8) | 11.7 (15.1) | 6.8 (10.7) | 11.8 (26.5) | 7.44 (14.1) |
| Hand | |||||||||||
| Right hand (%) | 273 (55.3) | 254 (53.8) | 173 (55.1) | 277 (56.0) | 250 (52.7) | 358 (53.4) | 304 (55.0) | 93 (52.8) | 292 (55.5) | 25 (53.2) | 2299 (54.5) |
| Left hand (%) | 221 (44.7) | 218 (46.2) | 141 (44.9) | 218 (44.0) | 224 (47.3) | 313 (46.7) | 249 (45.0) | 83 (47.2) | 234 (44.5) | 22 (46.8) | 1923 (45.6) |
| Gloves worn during HSE | |||||||||||
| No (%) | 355 (71.9) | 420 (89.0) | 221 (70.4) | 214 (43.2) | 406 (85.7) | 671 (100) | 334 (60.4) | 176 (100) | 474 (90.1) | 47 (100) | 3318 (78.6) |
| Yes (%) | 139 (28.1) | 52 (11.0) | 93 (29.6) | 281 (56.78) | 68 (14.4) | 0 | 291 (39.6) | 0 | 52 (9.9) | 0 | 904 (21.4) |
| Any surface inside patient zone (% of all HSE) | 289 (58.5) | 222 (47.0) | 196 (62.4) | 133 (26.9) | 131 (27.6) | 134 (20.0) | 225 (40.7) | 122 (69.3) | 278 (52.85) | 45 (95.7) | 1775 (42.0) |
| Patient intact skin (% of HSE inside patient zone) | 12 (4.2) | 30 (13.5) | 12 (6.1) | 13 (9.8) | 0 | 15 (11.2) | 45 (20.0) | 8 (6.6) | 29 (10.4) | 14 (31.1) | 178 (10.0) |
| Mobile object inside patient zone (% of HSE inside patient zone) | 241 (83.4) | 163 (73.4) | 130 (66.3) | 112 (84.2) | 117 (89.3) | 80 (59.7) | 168 (74.7) | 109 (89.3) | 234 (84.2) | 29 (64.4) | 1383 (77.9) |
| Immobile surface inside patient zone (% of HSE inside patient zone) | 36 (12.5) | 29 (13.1) | 54 (27.6) | 8 (60.2) | 14 (10.7) | 39,829.1) | 12 (5.3) | 5 (4.1) | 15 (5.4) | 2 (4.4) | 214 (12.1) |
| Any surface outside patient zone (% of all HSE) | 148 (30.0) | 220 (46.6) | 89 (28.3) | 350 (70.7) | 322 (67.9) | 506 (75.4) | 115 (20.8) | 53 (30.1) | 148 (28.1) | 2 (4.3) | 1953 (46.3) |
| HCW own body (outside patient zone) (% of HSE outside patient zone) | 7 (4.7) | 36 (16.4) | 25 (28.1) | 47 (13.4) | 60 (18.6) | 107 (21.2) | 79 (68.7) | 50 (94.3) | 28 (18.9) | 0 | 439 (22.5) |
| Mobile object outside patient zone (% of HSE outside patient zone) | 114 (77.0) | 160 (72.7) | 49 (55.1) | 235 (67.1) | 175 (54.4) | 346 (68.4) | 18 (15.7) | 3 (5.7) | 92 (62.2) | 2 (100) | 1194 (61.1) |
| Immobile surface outside patient zone (% of HSE outside patient zone) | 27 (18.2) | 24 (10.9) | 15 (16.9) | 68 (19.4) | 87 (27.0) | 53 (10.5) | 18 (15.7) | 0 | 28 (18.9) | 0 | 320 (16.4) |
| Any critical site (inside patient zone) (% of all HSE) | 57 (11.5) | 30 (6.4) | 29 (9.2) | 12 (2.4) | 21 (4.4) | 31 (4.6) | 213 (38.5) | 1 (0.6) | 100 (19.0) | 0 | 494 (11.7) |
| Sterile equipment (% of HSE at critical site) | 1 (1.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 123 (57.8) | 1 (100) | 82 (82.0) | 0 | 207 (41.9) |
| Invasive device access (% of HSE at critical site) | 55 (96.5) | 30 (100) | 29 (100) | 9 (75.0) | 21 (100) | 21 (67.7) | 65 (30.5) | 0 | 8 (8.0) | 0 | 238 (48.2) |
| Mucous membrane (% of HSE at critical site) | 1 (1.8) | 0 | 0 | 3 (25.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (0.8) |
| Wound (% of HSE at critical site) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 (32.3) | 25 (11.7) | 0 | 10 (10.0) | 0 | 45 (9.1) |
| Infectious risk events | 41 | 42 | 43 | 26 | 44 | 80 | 117 | 31 | 72 | 2 | 508 |
| Patient colonization events | 13 | 26 | 23 | 16 | 25 | 54 | 65 | 30 | 37 | 2 | 291 |
| Patient infection events | 38 | 16 | 20 | 10 | 19 | 26 | 52 | 1 | 35 | 0 | 217 |
| Hand hygiene actions; n | 8 | 13 | 14 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 15 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 97 |
| Hand hygiene action at colonization event; n (% of patient colonization events, i.e. ‘adherence’) | 0 | 3 (11.5) | 2 (8.7) | 1 (6.2) | 3 (12.0) | 2 (3.7) | 0 | 2 (6.7) | 1 (2.7) | 0 | 14 (4.8) |
| Hand hygiene action at infection event; n (% of patient infection events, i.e. ‘adherence’) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (3.9) | 0 | 1 (2.9) | NA | 3 (1.4) |
| Average density of hand hygiene actions; n/hour | 13.8 | 22.4 | 24.1 | 11.6 | 21.1 | 16.5 | 26.9 | 14.4 | 20.4 | 18.1 | 19.6 |
| Mean duration of hand hygiene actions (SD); sec | 8.6 (4.7) | 14.9 (6.6) | 22.2 (11.0) | 18.8 (7.4) | 11.7 (4.5) | 9.2 (4.8) | 10.5 (9.6) | 16.3 (12.0) | 7.9 (3.7) | 11.6 (6.2) | 13.2 (8.6) |
Legend: HSE hand-to-surface exposure; ICU intensive care unit; F female; M male; N nurse; P physician; NA not applicable; SD standard deviation. Definition for patient colonization event and patient infection event s. main text