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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pain. 2017 Jun 12;18(10):1229–1236. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.05.007

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Mediation model. CES-D = Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. a = direct effect of race on CES-D; b = direct effect of CES-D on pain measures after controlling for race; c = direct effect of race on pain measures after controlling for CES-D. c′= indirect effect of race on pain measures operating through CES-D. For pain measures (dependent variables), we measured on the WOMAC Pain (range 0 -20, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms of arthritis pain), GCPS Pain (range 0 -100, with higher scores indicating higher pain intensity during the past 6 months), and GCPS Disability (range 0 -100, with higher scores indicating more severe interference with daily activities during the past 6 months). To produce composite quantitative sensory testing measures, average z-scores were computed for heat pain threshold and heat pain tolerance measurements at the arm and knee; pressure pain threshold measurements at the medial knee, lateral knee, quadriceps, trapezius, and dorsal forearm; and punctate pain measurements at the patella and hand.