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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Aspects Med. 2017 Jul 1;56:45–53. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.06.001

Figure 1.

Figure 1

A hypothetic model of bile acid induced liver injury and potential therapeutic targets for treating cholestatic disorders. The intervention sites are listed as ① repress bile acid synthesis in hepatocytes; ② block bile acid reabsorption in intestine and kidney; ③ block hepatic uptake of bile acid; ④ reduce bile acid caused mitochondrial damage and ER stress in hepatocytes; ⑤ inhibit inflammatory chemokine production; ⑥ prevent inflammatory response by antagonize cytokine receptors in immune cells; ⑦ prevent neutrophils and immune cells from attacking injured hepatocytes. An agent targeting a specific site or the combination of agents targeting multiple sites are predicted to be beneficial for patients with cholestasis.