Table 2.
Means (standard deviations) for changes from baseline to follow-up for measures of physical and social functioning across both exercise groups
| Measure | 4-KKW Group | Effect Sizea | p | N (%) in Healthy Range | 16-KKW Group | Effect Sizea | p | N (%) in Healthy Range | p (btwn groups) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SF-36 Physical Functioning | |||||||||
| Baseline | 79.4 (20.9) | 51 (89.5) | 79.5 (19.5) | 41 (85.4) | |||||
| Week 6 | 82.5 (19.2) | 0.15 | 0.250 | 51 (92.7) | 87.8 (13.8) | 0.54 | <0.001* | 45 (100.0) | 0.052 |
| Week 12 | 85.0 (19.2) | 0.37 | 0.007 | 45 (91.8) | 85.3 (18.7) | 0.38 | 0.011 | 40 (88.9) | 0.993 |
| SF-36 Role- Physical | |||||||||
| Baseline | 74.8 (29.7) | 41 (78.9) | 74.6 (28.0) | 35 (79.6) | |||||
| Week 6 | 75.2 (26.4) | 0.03 | 0.829 | 47 (87.0) | 82.7 (17.8) | 0.33 | 0.029 | 41 (95.4) | 0.077 |
| Week 12 | 79.7 (24.8) | 0.17 | 0.230 | 41 (87.2) | 81.5 (20.0) | 0.23 | 0.120 | 41 (95.4) | 0.759 |
| SF-36 Bodily Pain | |||||||||
| Baseline | 67.0 (24.2) | 53 (91.4) | 72.2 (18.5) | 46 (95.8) | |||||
| Week 6 | 71.6 (23.5) | 0.07 | 0.579 | 51 (91.1) | 70.6 (20.5) | 0.01 | 0.957 | 42 (93.3) | 0.683 |
| Week 12 | 72.3 (24.5) | 0.16 | 0.259 | 43 (87.8) | 72.6 (21.1) | 0.08 | 0.606 | 42 (93.3) | 0.683 |
| SF-36 General Health | |||||||||
| Baseline | 60.8 (20.6) | 45 (77.6) | 59.2 (20.1) | 36 (75.0) | |||||
| Week 6 | 67.3 (18.5) | 0.45 | 0.001* | 49 (87.5) | 66.8 (18.9) | 0.51 | 0.001* | 40 (88.9) | 0.768 |
| Week 12 | 69.5 (18.5) | 0.57 | <0.001* | 43 (89.6) | 66.8 (19.7) | 0.54 | <0.001* | 36 (81.8) | 0.852 |
| SF-36 Vitality | |||||||||
| Baseline | 28.2 (19.7) | 22 (37.9) | 27.2 (17.3) | 15 (31.3) | |||||
| Week 6 | 39.8 (21.3) | 0.55 | <0.001* | 33 (60.0) | 39.2 (17.9) | 0.59 | <0.001* | 27 (60.0) | 0.830 |
| Week 12 | 44.1 (24.4) | 0.83 | <0.001* | 31 (63.3) | 43.5 (21.2) | 0.79 | <0.001* | 31 (68.9) | 0.823 |
| SF-36 Social Functioning | |||||||||
| Baseline | 49.4 (28.2) | 24 (41.4) | 57.6 (23.6) | 25 (52.1) | |||||
| Week 6 | 58.7 (28.8) | 0.33 | 0.014 | 34 (60.7) | 66.1 (21.9) | 0.52 | 0.001* | 30 (66.7) | 0.327 |
| Week 12 | 64.8 (26.0) | 0.64 | <0.001* | 32 (65.3) | 76.4 (21.8) | 0.95 | <0.001* | 36 (81.8) | 0.116 |
| SF-36 Role- Emotional | |||||||||
| Baseline | 47.3 (26.1) | 18 (31.0) | 50.3 (26.5) | 16 (33.3) | |||||
| Week 6 | 63.4 (31.6) | 0.61 | <0.001* | 31 (55.4) | 64.4 (26.0) | 0.61 | <0.001* | 21 (46.7) | 0.993 |
| Week 12 | 70.1 (26.4) | 0.91 | <0.001* | 33 (67.4) | 70.2 (25.3) | 0.83 | <0.001* | 30 (66.7) | 0.673 |
| SF-36 Mental Health | |||||||||
| Baseline | 49.1 (15.9) | 27 (46.6) | 50.7 (13.9) | 20 (41.7) | |||||
| Week 6 | 58.6 (18.0) | 0.52 | <0.001* | 35 (62.5) | 61.5 (17.8) | 0.62 | <0.001* | 30 (66.7) | 0.594 |
| Week 12 | 62.4 (21.0) | 0.80 | <0.001* | 34 (69.4) | 67.2 (18.5) | 0.95 | <0.001* | 33 (73.3) | 0.460 |
| SAS-SR | |||||||||
| Baseline | 2.4 (0.4) | 11 (19.0) | 2.5 (0.4) | 3 (6.3) | |||||
| Week 6 | 2.3 (0.4) | 0.38 | 0.004* | 16 (28.6) | 2.2 (0.4) | 0.80 | <0.001* | 18 (40.0) | 0.035 |
| Week 12 | 2.1 (0.5) | 0.99 | <0.001* | 24 (49.0) | 2.1 (0.4) | 0.93 | <0.001* | 20 (44.4) | 0.804 |
| WSAS | |||||||||
| Baseline | 20.8 (9.9) | 3 (5.2) | 18.7 (7.1) | 2 (4.2) | |||||
| Week 6 | 16.8 (9.7) | 0.43 | 0.001* | 5 (9.1) | 15.8 (9.2) | 0.42 | 0.006* | 5 (11.1) | 0.957 |
| Week 12 | 14.6 (10.8) | 0.75 | <0.001* | 9 (18.0) | 12.0 (9.8) | 0.81 | <0.001* | 12 (26.7) | 0.726 |
Note:
a
Effect sizes follow the convention for Cohen's d and measure the strength of the covariate-adjusted mean change between each time point and baseline;
*
significant change from baseline after applying Bonferroni correction. No significant between-group differences were found.