Table 2.

Exosomes isolated from stem cells derived from human source and their cardioprotective effects on the heart post-MI.

Source cells (human)	Conditions for Exo generation	In vivo model	Dose/route of administration	Outcomes	References
ESC-MSC	Serum-free, collected after 72 h	Mouse, MI	16 μg/kg total Exo protein; tail vein inj 5 min before reperfusion	↑ LV function ↓ infarct size	Arslan et al. [47]
	Serum-free, collected after 72 h	Mouse, I/R	3 μg total Exo protein; tail vein inj 5 min prior to reperfusion	↓ infarct size	Lai et al. [48]
BM-MSC	Serum-free, collected after 72 h at hypoxia (1% O2)	Rat, MI	4 inj 20 μg total Exo protein; IM inj into infarct border zone 30 min after ligation	↑ LVEF, FS, LVSP ↓ LVDEP ↓ infarct size ↑ blood vessel mass	Bian et al. [49]
CDC	Serum-free, collected after 5 days	Rat, I/R	10 μg total Exo protein; injected into LV cavity over 20s with aortic cross clamp 10 min into reperfusion	↓ infarct mass ↓ infiltration of macrophage ↓ apoptosis of cardiomyocytes	Cambier et al. [56]
	Serum-free, collected after 15 days at confluence	Mouse, MI	2.8 × 109 Exo; IM inj at 2 sites in peri-infarct area either immediately or 3 weeks later	↑ LVEF ↓ fibrosis ↓ infarct size (for both dose intervals)	Ibrahim et al. [127]
	Serum-free, collected after 15 days at confluence	Pig, MI	16.5 × 1011 Exo in 10 injections; IM injection to infarct area	Maintained LVEF ↓ scar mass ↑ blood vessel density ↑ proliferation of cardiomyocytes	Gallet et al. [126]
CPC	1% HSA, collected after 48 h	Rat, MI	30 μg or 300 μg total Exo protein; IM inj into viable myocardium bordering LV infarct zone at 3 sites	↑ LVEF ↑ in systolic LV wall thickening ↓ fibrosis	Barile et al. [55]
PMPs	Healthy donors, no medication for 2 weeks	Rat, MI	5 μg total Exo protein per injection; 4 inj 2 mm from cyanotic region	↑ functional vascularization	Brill et al. [101]

ESC-MSC: embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cell; BM-MSC: bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell; CPC: cardiac progenitor cell; CDC: cardiosphere-derived cells; PMP: platelet microparticles; MI: myocardial infarction; I/R: ischemia/reperfusion; Exo: exosome; inj: injection; IM: intramyocardial; IPC: ischemic preconditioning; LV: left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; FS: fractional shortening; LVSP: left ventricular systolic pressure; LVDEP: left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; HSA: human serum albumin.