Fig. 2.

Layer-by-layer (LbL) multilayers are easily created by alternate and consecutive adsorption of oppositely charged polymers on a surface. This can be achieved by immersing the surface (a particle or a planar substrate) in a solution containing the desired polymer, followed by a washing step, to release weakly adsorbed molecules. The second layer is deposited by immersion in a solution of the oppositely charged polymer. To build the multilayers, immersion/washing cycles are repeated as many times as desired