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Factors impairing bone healing. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COX-2 = cyclooxygenase-2; IL 1,6 = interleukin 1 & 6; M1 = M1 macrophage; NSAIDs = nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; PGE2 = prostaglandin E2; RA = rheumatoid arthritis; RANKL = receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; TNF = tumour necrosis factor.
