Table 3. Results of two-part regression models of prisoners’ generalist, nursing and psychiatric healthcare utilization.
| General practitioners | Nurses | Psychiatrists | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Logistic regression | Zero-truncated negative binomial regression | Logistic regression | Zero-truncated negative binomial regression | Logistic regression | Zero-truncated negative binomial regression | |||||||
| OR | SE | IRR | SE | OR | SE | IRR | SE | OR | SE | IRR | SE | |
| Predisposing characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Female | 1.47 | (0.82) | 1.38*** | (0.17) | 3.34 | (4.14) | 1.36** | (0.17) | 0.26* | (0.21) | 1.36* | (0.22) |
| Aged 30–39 | 0.88 | (0.18) | 1.02 | (0.05) | 0.77 | (0.19) | 1.02 | (0.06) | 1.14 | (0.26) | 0.92 | (0.07) |
| Aged 40–49 | 0.96 | (0.25) | 1.14* | (0.08) | 1.27 | (0.49) | 0.98 | (0.07) | 1.31 | (0.36) | 0.90 | (0.09) |
| Aged 50 and older | 0.61 | (0.25) | 1.21** | (0.12) | 0.62 | (0.33) | 1.11 | (0.12) | 0.72 | (0.30) | 0.72** | (0.10) |
| Married | 1.04 | (0.24) | 0.97 | (0.05) | 1.43 | (0.46) | 1.00 | (0.06) | 0.52** | (0.14) | 0.95 | (0.09) |
| Swiss origin | 1.21 | (0.32) | 1.10 | (0.07) | 1.40 | (0.49) | 1.19*** | (0.08) | 1.60* | (0.43) | 1.28*** | (0.10) |
| African origin | 1.20 | (0.26) | 0.90* | (0.05) | 1.67* | (0.48) | 0.97 | (0.07) | 0.33*** | (0.08) | 0.71*** | (0.08) |
| Has health insurance | 1.16 | (0.22) | 1.00 | (0.05) | 1.22 | (0.30) | 1.10* | (0.06) | 1.67*** | (0.32) | 1.02 | (0.07) |
| Needs factors | ||||||||||||
| Chronic somatic conditions | ||||||||||||
| Infectious diseases | 12.17*** | (8.13) | 1.17** | (0.08) | 3.85 | (3.18) | 1.19** | (0.09) | 2.16*** | (0.59) | 0.98 | (0.09) |
| Musculoskeletal system | 27.40*** | (21.14) | 1.13** | (0.06) | 9.79*** | (8.55) | 1.05 | (0.06) | 1.22 | (0.30) | 0.90 | (0.07) |
| Nervous system | - | (.) | 1.40*** | (0.18) | - | (.) | 1.49*** | (0.23) | 4.29** | (3.17) | 1.42 | (0.37) |
| Circulatory system | 14.53*** | (11.45) | 1.25*** | (0.11) | 9.81*** | (8.17) | 1.62*** | (0.14) | 0.79 | (0.31) | 1.01 | (0.13) |
| Skin problems | 2.96** | (1.46) | 1.09 | (0.08) | 1.92 | (1.33) | 0.96 | (0.07) | 0.54 | (0.22) | 1.00 | (0.11) |
| Digestive system | 6.14*** | (3.75) | 0.95 | (0.07) | 3.79* | (3.07) | 0.93 | (0.07) | 0.84 | (0.30) | 1.18* | (0.12) |
| Respiratory system | 3.36** | (1.99) | 1.07 | (0.09) | 5.34 | (5.98) | 1.01 | (0.09) | 1.29 | (0.51) | 0.70*** | (0.08) |
| Endocrine system | 4.19 | (3.71) | 1.13 | (0.10) | 2.68* | (1.49) | 1.08 | (0.10) | 1.26 | (0.52) | 1.10 | (0.14) |
| Mental health conditions | ||||||||||||
| Schizophrenia | 0.68 | (0.29) | 0.88 | (0.12) | 2.02 | (1.74) | 1.40*** | (0.18) | 47.28*** | (34.51) | 2.37*** | (0.27) |
| Mood disorder | 0.52 | (0.32) | 1.06 | (0.15) | 0.81 | (0.95) | 1.09 | (0.12) | 27.66*** | (20.47) | 1.21 | (0.18) |
| Neurotic disorder | 2.99*** | (1.03) | 0.99 | (0.06) | 2.92* | (1.66) | 1.11* | (0.06) | 88.22*** | (35.59) | 1.03 | (0.08) |
| Behavioral syndrome | 0.80 | (0.49) | 0.87 | (0.12) | 1.35 | (1.36) | 0.79** | (0.09) | 18.10*** | (11.47) | 0.73* | (0.13) |
| Personality disorder | 0.68 | (0.21) | 0.92 | (0.06) | 1.03 | (0.57) | 1.00 | (0.06) | 7.29*** | (2.66) | 1.15* | (0.09) |
| Mental retardation | 1.51 | (1.03) | 0.98 | (0.11) | 1.76 | (2.19) | 1.24** | (0.12) | 52.73*** | (51.25) | 1.15 | (0.12) |
| Substance abuse problems | ||||||||||||
| Alcohol | 1.27 | (0.44) | 1.06 | (0.08) | 1.15 | (0.65) | 1.07 | (0.07) | 17.07*** | (8.64) | 1.08 | (0.08) |
| Illicit drugs | 1.58 | (0.50) | 0.97 | (0.06) | 4.33** | (2.68) | 1.27*** | (0.08) | 22.67*** | (8.75) | 1.28*** | (0.10) |
| Pharmaceuticals | 1.39 | (0.68) | 0.97 | (0.08) | 2.83 | (3.35) | 1.35*** | (0.12) | 9.37*** | (7.76) | 1.23** | (0.11) |
| Contextual factors | ||||||||||||
| Violent crime | 1.16 | (0.69) | 0.81* | (0.09) | 2.36 | (2.45) | 0.84 | (0.10) | 1.14 | (0.53) | 0.85 | (0.11) |
| Sexual crime | 1.62 | (0.70) | 0.80** | (0.08) | 1.43 | (1.06) | 0.94 | (0.09) | 1.48 | (0.64) | 1.08 | (0.12) |
| Drug-related crime | 0.56*** | (0.12) | 0.86*** | (0.05) | 0.44*** | (0.12) | 0.75*** | (0.04) | 0.90 | (0.21) | 0.87* | (0.07) |
| Preventive detention | 1.54* | (0.39) | 0.82*** | (0.05) | 2.05** | (0.67) | 0.87** | (0.06) | 0.71 | (0.17) | 1.13 | (0.09) |
| Number of stays in 2011 | 1.09 | (0.30) | 0.99 | (0.06) | 1.88 | (0.92) | 1.05 | (0.06) | 1.19 | (0.34) | 1.00 | (0.08) |
| Total length of stay | 1.00*** | (0.00) | 1.00*** | (0.00) | 1.00*** | (0.00) | 1.00** | (0.00) | 1.00*** | (0.00) | 1.00*** | (0.00) |
| Mean prison occupancy rate | 1.01 | (0.01) | 1.01*** | (0.00) | 1.01 | (0.01) | 1.01*** | (0.00) | 1.01 | (0.01) | 1.01*** | (0.00) |
| Stayed in Bois-Mermet prison | 0.62 | (0.30) | 0.92 | (0.09) | 0.89 | (0.79) | 0.73*** | (0.08) | 0.40 | (0.23) | 0.77* | (0.11) |
| Stayed in Plaine d'Orbe prison | 0.46* | (0.21) | 0.82* | (0.09) | 2.79 | (2.72) | 0.86 | (0.09) | 0.40* | (0.20) | 1.15 | (0.18) |
| Stayed in Croisée prison | 2.21* | (0.96) | 0.81** | (0.08) | 3.75 | (3.37) | 1.07 | (0.10) | 0.52 | (0.24) | 1.47*** | (0.20) |
| Stayed in La Tuilière prison | 1.08 | (0.57) | 0.96 | (0.10) | 8.48* | (10.50) | 1.05 | (0.11) | 1.34 | (0.71) | 1.35* | (0.22) |
| Constant | 0.02*** | (0.02) | 0.01*** | (0.00) | 0.01*** | (0.01) | 0.04*** | (0.01) | 0.00*** | (0.00) | 0.01*** | (0.00) |
| Observations | 1664 | 1363 | 1664 | 1495 | 1664 | 718 | ||||||
OR: odds ratio (exponentiated coefficient of the regression); IRR: incidence rate ratio (exponentiated coefficient of the regression); SE: standard error. Robust standard errors in parentheses. Aged 18–29, male, convicted, other origin and other type of crime are reference categories. All regressions include the total length of stay over 2011 as an exposure variable. All detainees with nervous system disorders consulted generalist practitioners and nurses, so that the corresponding indicator predicts success perfectly.
* p < 0.1,
** p < 0.05,
*** p < 0.01.