(A) Fully-grown creeping bentgrass plants. NT, non-transformed control plant; #3, #4, and #5, transgenic plants overexpressing AtBAT1. The plants were grown to similar stages, trimmed to the same heights, and then the trimmed plants were grown for 4 weeks. Bar = 10 cm. (B,C) Measurements of plant heights and internode lengths. Plant height was measured as the length from the ground to the top of each plant, and internode length was measured from the second leaf of the first stoloniferous plant. Data represent means ± SD of three independent measurements (n = 30 for each measurement). (D) Longitudinal sections displaying plant cells in the second internodes. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) Measurement of cell lengths in (D). Data represent means ± SD (n = 10). Statistically significant changes compared with NT are indicated by * at P < 0.05 or ** at P < 0.001.