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. 2017 Oct 26;8:1408. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01408

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Copyright © 2017 Barbera Betancourt, Lyu, Broere, Sijts, Rutten and van Eden.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanisms of suppression by Treg cells to control immune responses. A broad range of molecular mechanisms contribute to the suppressive function of Tregs. Mechanisms include the following: apoptosis/cytolysis (IL-2 deprivation, granzyme A/B, perforins); antigen-presenting cell (APC) modulation (CTLA4, LAG-3); inhibitory cytokines (IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β); and metabolic disruption (CD73/39 and ATP/adenosine mechanism). Abbreviations: CTLA4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4; DC, dendritic cell; CD, cluster of differentiation; IL, interleukin; Treg cell, regulatory T cell; LAG-3, lymphocyte activation gene 3; TGF, transforming growth factor; MHC, major histocompatibility complex.